Manufacturing depression (66 page)

Zarate, C. A., Jr., J. B. Singh, P. J. Carlson, N. E. Brutsche, R. Ameli, D. A. Luck-enbaugh, D. S. Charney, and H. K. Manji. “A Randomized Trial of an n-methyl-D-aspartate Antagonist in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression.”
Archives of General Psychiatry
63 (2006): 856–64.

Zaretsky, E.
Secrets of the Soul: A Social and Cultural History of Psychoanalysis.
New York: Knopf, 2004.

Zilboorg and Henry, G.
A History of Medical Psychology.
New York: W. W. Norton, 1941.

Zinberg, N. E.
Drug, Set, and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use.
New Haven: Yale University, 1984.

Zinberg, N. E., W. M. Harding, and M. Winkeller. “A Study of Social Regulatory Mechanisms in Controlled Illicit Drug Users.” In
Classic Contributions to the Addictions
, edited by H. Shaffer and M. E. Burglass, 277–300. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981.

Zinberg, N. E., W. M. Harding, S. M. Stelmack, and R. A. Marblestone. “Patterns of Heroin Use.”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
311 (1978): 10–24.

At Simon & Schuster: Dedi Felman, David Rosenthal, Michele Bové, Gypsy da Silva, and, above all, Sarah Hochman.

At
Harper’s Magazine,
in which I first told the story of my clinical trial: Jennifer Szalai, Roger Hodge, and Ted Ross.

For research materials: David Healy, who generously provided transcripts of his interviews with the early psychopharmacologists, and Joseph Dumit, whose recordings of television ads were indispensable.

For granting me interviews, all of which were lengthier than they bargained on: Per Bech, Alan Broadhurst, Arvid Carlsson, Donald Klein, Janis Schoenfeld, and Betty Twarog.

For research and editorial assistance: Beth Card, Lucy Green, Richard Green, Wally Izbicki, Richard Kokoska, Rosalba Onofrio, Sian Oram, and Amy Ryan.

For close reading and commentary: Bill Musgrave, Jennifer Percy-Dowd, Stuart Vyse, and Rand Cooper (who also provided German lessons).

For general aiding and abetting: Carrie Billy, Henry Bowers, Glenn Cheney, Bill Finnegan, Ruth Grahn, Karen Greenberg, Richard Greenberg, Julie Holland, Garret Keizer, Maureen Kelleher, Lindsey Lane, Bart Laws, Karyn Marcus, Errol Morris, Jim Rutman, Michael Silverstone, Jeff Singer, and John Vaillant.

For sharing me with my book: Joel Powers.

For putting up with me, and for her blue eyes: Susan Powers.

Abbott Pharmaceuticals,
2
,
6
,
268

Abramson, Lyn,
116
–17

Abu Ghraib prison,
107

Adams, Samuel Hopkins,
206

Addams, Jane,
86
,
87

Adderall,
335

Adjustment disorder,
227
,
244
,
278
,
279

Affective psychoses,
147
,
183

Against Depression
(Kramer),
20
–21,
33
,
39

Age of Desire, The
(Kovel),
121

Agfa Healthcare Corporation,
48

Agnew, Spiro,
266

Agriculture Department, U.S.,
206

Bureau of Chemistry,
206
–8

Albert, Prince,
45

Alcoholics Anonymous,
360

Alice
(film),
352

Alice in Wonderland
(Carroll),
300

Allen, Woody,
352

Alloy, Lauren,
116
–17

Alpert, Richard,
165

Ambivalence,
114
–15,
117
,
155
,
295

Amen, Daniel,
318
–22,
326
,
328
,
330
,
334
–36,
351
,
367

American Journal of Psychiatry,
183
,
196
,
259

American Medical Association (AMA),
205
,
213
,
308

American Nervousness
(Beard),
91

American Phrenological Journal,
324

American Psychiatric Association (APA),
14
,
40
,
238
,
243
,
267
,
271
,
342
,
346

cognitive therapy approved by,
298
,
304

Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics,
239
,
242

descriptive nosology adopted by,
62
–64,
104

homosexuality delisted as disease by,
62
,
236
,
345

Insel and,
316
–17

Kline and,
188

Meyer and,
94
–95

origins of,
90

see also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

American Psychological Association,
301

Amherst College,
322

Amitriptyline,
see
Elavil

Amnesia, shock-therapy induced,
142
,
144

Amphetamine,
167
,
173
,
184
,
259

Amygdala,
327
,
333

Anabolic steroids,
191

Anesthetics,
174
–76,
178
–79

Anger,
88
,
108
,
366

parental,
107

repressed,
288

turned inward,
111

Aniline,
47
,
48
,
195

Animal studies,
1
–5,
166
,
179
–80,
187
,
194
–96,
325

Anthrax,
52

Antibiotics,
209
,
211
,
223
,
255
,
272
,
280

Antidepressant Era, The
(Healy),
195

Antidepressants,
2
,
6
–11,
52
,
130
,
150
,
242
,
355
–57,
365
,
366

accidental discovery of,
137

catecholamine hypothesis and,
195
–97

clinical trials of,
38
,
40
,
121
,
174
–75,
195
–96,
202
–4,
216
,
223
,
315

cognitive therapy versus,
302
–3,
307
–8,
310
,
311

diagnostic standards for,
104

electroconvulsive therapy compared versus,
147

FDA approval of,
202
,
211

glutamates and,
175

lethal overdose of,
17

LSD and,
173
,
178

marketing of,
23
,
197
,
259
,
267
–80

minor tranquilizers versus,
261
,
265

pharmacological Calvinism and,
192

placebo effect and,
258

serotonin-imbalance theory and,
6
,
175
,
187
,
194

see also
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Tricyclic antidepressants;
specific drugs

Antihistamines,
179

Antipsychotics,
179
,
298

see also specific drugs

Anxiety disorder,
243

generalized,
227

Aphasia,
325

Archives of General Psychiatry,
174

Aristotle,
52
,
189
,
254

Armstrong, Louis,
264

Arsenic,
54
,
58

Ash, Philip,
234

Association of Assistant Physicians of Hospitals for the Insane,
90

Astra Pharmaceuticals,
10
–11,
268
–69

Astronomy, Ptolemaic,
247
–48

Atoxyl,
54

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
319
,
320
,
333

Auden, W. H.,
9
,
81

Axelrod, Julius,
196

Ayd, Frank,
262
–65,
272
,
280
,
298
,
317
,
358
,
363

Baden Aniline and Soda Factory (BASF),
48

Barbiturates,
179

Basal ganglia,
319
,
328

Battle Creek Sanitarium,
90

Bayer AG,
48
,
205

Beard, George M.,
91
–93,
122
–23,
263

Beck, Aaron,
288
–90,
302
–5,
309
,
311
,
313
,
314

Beck, Judith,
287
–88,
290
–92,
295
,
297
,
307
,
311
–12,
314
,
316

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI),
302
–3

Becker, Howard,
257

Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research,
288
,
292
,
294

Beers, Clifford,
100

Behavior therapy,
289

Bellevue Hospital (New York),
134
,
151

Benadryl,
179

Benzedrine,
259

Benzodiazepines,
260
,
266
,
267

Bereavement,
247
–48,
250
,
295

see also
Grief; Mourning

Bernays, Edward,
99
,
100

Berrios, German,
261

“Beyond the Pleasure Principle” (Freud),
113
–14

Bini, Lucino,
143

Biological Psychiatry,
151

Biopsychosocial model,
233
,
238

Block, Adam,
277

Blood pressure,
344

medications for lowering,
59
,
212

role of serotonin in regulation of,
4
,
166
,
268

Blue Cross,
251

Bodoni, Pietro,
179

Boston Medical Society,
322

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor,
327

Brain imaging techniques,
317
–19,
329
,
334
–35