Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (173 page)

4
. On the votes for the war, see David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds.,
Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
(Annapolis, 2004), 571–74; this
Encyclopedia
also has an extensive bibliography on the war. For some of the many articles dealing with the votes for the war, see Leland R. Johnson, “The Suspense Was Hell: The Senate Vote for War in 1812,”
Indiana Magazine of History
, 65 (1969), 247–67; Ronald I. Hatzenbuehler, “Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives,”
WMQ
, 29 (1972), 367–90; Ronald I. Hatzenbuehler, “The War Hawks and the Question of Congressional Leadership in 1812,”
Pacific Historical Review
, 45 (1976), 1–22; Rudolph M. Bell, “Mr. Madison’s War and Long-Term Congressional Voting Behavior,”
WMQ
, 36 (1979), 373–95. On Pennsylvania, see Victor Sapio,
Pennsylvania and the War of 1812
(Lexington, KY, 1970).

5
. Irving Brant,
James Madison: The President, 1809–1812
(Indianapolis, 1956), 37.

6
. Catherine Allgor,
A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation
(New York, 2006), 250.

7
. Andrew S. Trees,
The Founding Fathers and the Politics of Character
(Princeton, 2004), 111; Ralph Ketcham,
James Madison: A Biography
(New York, 1970), 428.

8
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 507.

9
. Ketcham,
Madison
, 485.

10
. Bradford Perkins,
Prologue to War, 1805–1812: England and the United States
(Berkeley, 1968), 218.

11
.
Annals of Congress
, 11th Congress, 2nd session (April 1810), 21: 1772; Perkins,
Prologue to War
, 241; Risjord,
Old Republicans
, 107.

12
. James H. Broussard,
The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816
(Baton Rouge, 1978), 136.

13
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
61.

14
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
56.

15
. JM to TJ, 15 June 1810, 22 June 1810,
Republic of Letters
, 1636–37.

16
.
Annals of Congress
, 11th Congress, 2nd session (April 1810), 21: 1868.

17
. Henry Adams, ed.,
Documents Relating to New England Federalism, 1800–1815
(Boston, 1877), 389.

18
. Perkins,
Prologue to War
, 61.

19
. Roger H. Brown,
The Republic in Peril: 1812
(New York, 1964), 15; Felix Grundy,
Annals of Congress
, 12th Congress, 1st session (May 1812), 24: 1407–8.

20
. Richard Buel Jr.,
America on the Brink: How the Political Struggle over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic
(New York, 2005), 92–97, 133–35, 151–53, 242.

21
. Wilson Cary Nicholas to TJ, 4 Feb. 1810,
Papers of Jefferson: Retirement Ser
., 2: 195; James Monroe to John Taylor, 13 June 1812, in Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed.,
The Writings of James Monroe
(New York, 1901), 5: 206.

22
.
Annals of Congress
, 12th Congress, 1st session (May 1812), 24: 1410.

23
. Steven Watts,
The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790–1820
(Baltimore, 1987), 63–107.

24
.
Niles’ Weekly Register
, 1 (1811–1812), 252;
Annals of Congress
, 12th Congress, 1st session (Jan. 1812), 658; Watts,
The Republic Reborn
, 101.

25
. Albert Gallatin to TJ, 10 March 1812, in Henry Adams,
The Life of Henry Gallatin
(New York, 1879), 455–56.

26
. Risjord,
Old Republicans
, 109.

27
. Risjord,
Old Republicans
, 102.

28
.
Annals of Congress
, 11th Congress, 2nd session (April 1810) 21: 1864–1876, 1885.

29
.
Annals of Congress
, 12th Congress, 1st session, (Feb. 1812), 23: 1027.

30
.
Annals of Congress
, 12th Congress, 1st session, (Jan. 1812), 23: 824–833.

31
. Risjord,
Old Republicans
, 127.

32
. JM to TJ, 6 March 1812,
Republic of Letters
, 1688.

33
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 160.

34
. JM, War Message to Congress, 1 June 1812,
Madison: Writings
, 691.

35
. Leonard D. White,
The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History
(New York, 1951), 216.

36
. Jon Latimer,
1812: War with America
(Cambridge, MA, 2007), 56.

37
. John Sugden,
Tecumseh: A Life
(New York, 1997).

38
. Donald R. Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana, IL, 1989), 25.

39
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 4.

40
. Latimer,
1812
, 42.

41
. Walter R. Borneman,
1812: The War That Forged a Nation
(New York, 2004), 57.

42
. Hickey,
War of 1812
, 73.

43
. Latimer,
1812
, 71.

44
. Latimer,
1812
, 82–83.

45
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 268.

46
. Borneman,
1812
, 84; Harry L. Coles,
The War of 1812
(Chicago, 1965), 81.

47
. In 1820 the forty-one-year-old Decatur was killed in a duel by James Barron, the disgraced captain of the
Chesapeake
, who had surrendered to a British warship in 1807. Hickey,
War of 1812
, 96; Robert J. Allison,
Stephen Decatur: American Naval Hero, 1779–1820
(Amherst, MA, 2005), 115–19, 123–28, 200–211.

48
. Hickey,
War of 1812
, 98.

49
. Latimer,
1812
, 88.

50
. Hickey,
War of 1812
, 96–97; Coles,
War of 1812
, 95–99; Latimer,
1812
, 90; George C. Daughan,
If by Sea: The Forging of the American Navy—From the Revolution to the War of 1812
(New York, 2008), 430.

51
.
Annals of Congress
, 12th Congress, 2nd session (Dec. 1812), 25: 249.

52
. Philadelphia
Aurora
, 30 Jan. 1812, in Hickey,
War of 1812
, 120.

53
. Hickey,
War of 1812
, 122.

54
. Latimer,
1812
, 133.

55
. Latimer,
1812
, 195.

56
. Coles,
War of 1812
, 129.

57
. Latimer,
1812
, 189.

58
. Latimer,
1812
, 220.

59
. Borneman,
1812
, 151; Latimer,
1812
, 221.

60
. Latimer,
1812
, 369.

61
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 362.

62
. Latimer,
1812
, 263, 130–31.

63
. Coles,
War of 1812
, 167.

64
. Donald R. Hickey,
Don’t Give Up the Ship: Myths of the War of 1812
(Urbana, IL, 2006), 154.

65
. Latimer,
1812
, 320.

66
. Latimer,
1812
, 319.

67
. Julia Anne Hieronymus Tevis, in Joyce Appleby, ed.,
Recollections of the Early Republic: Selected Autobiographies
(Boston, 1997), 77.

68
. JM to TJ, 17 Aug. 1812, to Richard Cutts, 8 Aug. 1812,
Papers of Madison: Presidential Ser
., 5: 165, 127.

69
. On the clergy’s role during the war, not only in support of the Federalists but in support of the Republicans as well, see William Gribbon,
The churches Militant: The War of 1812 and American Religion
(New Haven, 1973).

70
. For a severe indictment of the Federalists, see Buel,
America on the Brink
, 54–55, 117–18, 156–64, 169, 172, 192, 200, 209, 215, 220, 242.

71
. Mathew Carey to JM, 1 Aug. 1812, 12 Aug. 1812, 21 Jan. 1813, 25 Jan. 1813; JM to Mathew Carey, 19 Sept. 1812,
Papers of Madison: Presidential Ser
., 5: 109–10, 148–49, 601–3, 614–18, 335, quotations at 601–2 and 335.

72
. James M. Banner Jr.,
To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815
(New York, 1970).

73
. Theodore Dwight,
History of the Harford Convention: With a Review of the Policy of the United States, Which Led to the War of 1812
(New York, 1833), 354, 355, 367, 368, 369–70. The convention’s “Report” is on pp. 352–379.

74
. Merle Eugene Curti,
The American Peace Crusade, 1815–1860
(1929; New York, 1965), 8–20.

75
. Lambert,
Barbary Wars
, 194, 195.

76
. Walter A. McDougall,
Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776
(Boston, 1997), 35.

77
. Ketcham,
Madison
, 586.

78
. Irving Brant,
James Madison: Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis, 1961), 329.

79
. Ketcham,
Madison
, 586, 604.

80
. Brant,
Madison: Commander in Chief
, 419, 407.

81
. Forrest Church,
So Help Me God: The Founding Fathers and the First Great Battle Over Church and State
(New York, 2007), 350.

82
. JA to TJ, 2 Feb. 1817, in Lester J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
(Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 508; Robert A. Rutland,
The Presidency of James Madison
(Lawrence, KS, 1990).

83
. Watts,
The Republic Reborn
, 317.

84
. Len Travers,
Celebrating The Fourth: Independence Day and the Rites of Nationalism in the Early Republic
(Amherst, MA, 1997), 205; Gallatin to Matthew Lyon, 7 May 1816, in Henry Adams, ed.,
The Writings of Albert Gallatin
(Philadelphia, 1879), 1: 700.

85
. TJ to Lafayette, 23 Nov. 1818, in Gilbert Chinard, ed.,
The Letters of Lafayette and Jefferson
(Baltimore, 1929), 396.

1
. Gaillard Hunt,
As We Were: Life in America, 1814
(1914; new ed. Stockbridge, MA, 1993), 8–10.

2
. Kenneth L. Sokoloff, “Inventive Activity in Early Industrial America: Evidence From Patent Records, 1790–1846,”
Journal of Economic History
, 48 (1988), 813–50; Barbara M. Tucker,
Samuel Slater and the Origins of the American Textile Industry, 1790–1860
(Ithaca, 1984), 89.

3
. J. M. Opal,
Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England
(Philadelphia, 2008), 157.

4
. Claudia Goldin and Kenneth Sokoloff, “Women, Children, and Industrialization in the Early Republic: Evidence from the Manufacturing Censuses,”
Journal of Economic History
, 42 (1982), 745–46; Thomas C. Cochran,
Frontiers of Change: Early Industrialism in America
(New York, 1981), 57; Henry Wansey,
Journal of an Excursion
(1796; New York, 1969), 47, 101; James A. Henretta, “The War for Independence and American Economic Development,” in Ronald Hoffman et al., eds.,
The Economy of Early America: The Revolutionary Period, 1763–1790
(Charlottesville, 1988), 81, 80.

5
. George Rogers Taylor,
The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860
(New York, 1962), 206–7.

6
.
Annals of Congress
, 5th Congress, 3rd session (Jan. 1799), 9: 2650.