Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (167 page)

79
. Joyce Appleby,
Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans
(Cambridge, MA, 2000), 173.

80
. Jay Fliegelman,
Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution Against Patriarchal Authority, 1750–1800
(Cambridge, MA, 1982), 86–87.

81
. Norton,
Liberty’s Daughters
, 236.

82
. Grossberg,
Governing the Hearth
, 26–27.

83
. Jon Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson’s Women
(New York, 2007), 167–72; Nancy Isenberg,
Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr
(New York, 2007), 433.

84
. Linda Kerber,
Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays
(Chapel Hill, 1997), 35.

85
. Rosemarie Zagarri, “The Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America,”
WMQ
, 55 (1998), 210; Rosemarie Zagarri,
Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Rights in the Early American Republic
(Philadelphia, 2007).

86
. Larry E. Tise,
The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800
(Mechanicsburg, PA, 1998), 178–83.

87
. Kerber,
Toward an Intellectual History of Women
, 23; Martha Tomhave Blauvelt,
The Work of the Heart: Young Women and Emotion, 1780–1830
(Charlottesville, 2007).

88
. Marylynn Salmon, “Republican Sentiments, Economic Change, and the Property Rights of Women in American Law,” in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds.,
Women in the Age of the American Revolution
(Charlottesville, 1989), 450–51.

89
. Zagarri, “Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America,” 225.

90
. Zagarri, “Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America,” 217.

91
. Kerber,
Toward an Intellectual History of Women
, 36.

92
. Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de Tracy,
Commentary and Review of Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws
(Philadelphia, 1811), 72; Joseph Hopkinson,
Annual Discourse, Delivered Before the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
(1810), in Gordon S. Wood, ed.,
The Rising Glory of America
, rev. ed. (Boston, 1990), 337.

93
. Lewis, “Republican Wife,” 689–721; James Fordyce,
Sermons to Young Women: A New Edition
(Philadelphia, 1787), 20; Hopkinson,
Annual Discourse
, in Wood, ed.,
Rising Glory of America
, 337.

94
. Catherine Allgor,
Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government
(Charlottesville, 2000), 4–101; Zagarri,
Revolutionary Backlash
.

95
. Lewis, “Republican Wife,” 689–721.

96
. Zagarri,
Revolutionary Backlash
, 177.

97
. Kerber,
Toward an Intellectual History of Women
, 29.

98
. BR, “Thoughts upon Female Education” (1787), in Rudolph, ed.,
Essays on Education
, 36.

99
. Zagarri, “Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America,” 218.

100
. Doggett,
Discourse on Education
(1797), in Rudolph, ed.,
Essays on Education
, 159; Bullock, “‘Sensible Signs,’ in Kennon, ed.,
A Republic for the Ages
, 196.

101
. Norton,
Liberty’s Daughters
, 271–72.

102
. Mary Kelley,
Learning to Stand and Speak: Women, Education, and Public Life in America’s Republic
(Chapel Hill, 2006).

103
. Zagarri, “Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America,” 224, 226.

104
. Tise,
American Counterrevolution
, 161–63.

105
. Alfred F. Young,
Masquerade: The Life and Times of Deborah Sampson, Continental Soldier
(New York, 2004), 202.

106
. Young,
Masquerade
, 220, 221, 223, 224.

107
. Charles Brockden Brown,
Alcuin: A Dialogue
(New York, 1798), 57–59; Kerber,
Toward an Intellectual History of Women
, 37.

108
. David Hackett Fischer,
The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy
(New York, 1965), 184; TJ to Gallatin, 13 Jan. 1813, in Henry Adams, ed.,
The Writings of Albert Gallatin
(Philadelphia, 1879), 1: 328.

1
. Lynn Hunt,
Inventing Human Rights: A History
(New York, 2007), 207.

2
. As David Brion Davis has pointed out, a “French Scholar, Raymond Mauny, estimates that between 600 and 1800 as many as fourteen million African slaves were exported to Muslim regions.” Davis,
Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery
(Cambridge, MA, 2003), 10.

3
. See “New Perspectives on the Transatlantic Slave Trade,” to which the entire issue of January 2001 of the
WMQ
, 58 (2001), is devoted.

4
. Philip Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and the Lowcountry
(Chapel Hill, 1998), 165.

5
. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 148.

6
. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 170–75; Robert F. Dalzell Jr. and Lee Baldwin Dalzell,
George Washington’s Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America
(New York, 1998), 132–33; Lorena S. Walsh, “Slave Life, Slave Society, and Tobacco Production in the Tidewater Chesapeake, 1620–1820,” in Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan, eds.,
Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas
(Charlottesville, 1993), 170–99; Sarah S. Hughes, “Slaves for Hire: The Allocation of Black Labor in Elizabeth City County, Virginia, 1782 to 1810,”
WMQ
, 35 (1978), 260–86.

7
. Isaac Weld,
Travels Through the States of North America
(London, 1799), 1: 147.

8
. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 148.

9
. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 49–50.

10
. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 79, 594; Philip Morgan, “Black Society in the Lowcountry, 1760–1810,” in Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman, eds.,
Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution
(Charlottesville, 1983), 89; John W. Blassingame,
The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Ante-Bellum South
(New York, 1972), 17–40; Sylvia R. Frey,
Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age
(Princeton, 1991), 41–42; Lawrence W. Levine,
Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom
(New York, 1977); Shane White and Graham White,
The Sounds of Slavery: Discovering African American History Through Songs, Sermons, and Speech
(Boston, 2005).

11
. John Campbell, “As ‘A Kind of Freeman’? Slaves’ Market Related Activities in the South Carolina Up Country, 1800–1860,” in Berlin and Morgan, eds.,
Cultivation and Culture
, 244.

12
. Dalzell and Dalzell,
George Washington’s Mount Vernon
, 129, 212–13.

13
. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 393; Winthrop D. Jordan,
White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812
(Chapel Hill, 1968), 228–34.

14
. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 258.

15
. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 405–7.

16
. Annette Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
(New York, 2008), has mounted an enormous amount of persuasive evidence that Jefferson maintained Sally Hemings as his concubine.

17
. Lucia C. Stanton, “‘Those Who Labor for My Happiness’: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves,” in Peter S. Onuf, ed.,
Jeffersonian Legacies
(Charlottesville, 1993), 155, 150.

18
. Stanton, “‘Those Who Labor for my Happiness,’” in Onuf, ed.,
Jeffersonian Legacies
, 158, 160; TJ,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 162.

19
. Gary B. Nash, “Slaves and Slaveowners in Colonial Philadelphia,”
WMQ
, 30 (1973), 237; Shane White,
Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery in New York City, 1770–1810
(Athens, GA, 1991), 16.

20
. Joanne Pope Melish,
Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and “Race” in New England, 1780–1860
(Ithaca, 1998).

21
. William D. Pierson,
Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England
(Amherst, MA, 1988), 15.

22
. Gary B. Nash,
The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America
(New York, 2005), 32.

23
. Samuel Johnson,
Taxation No Tyranny
(1775), in
Samuel Johnson: Political Writings
, ed. Donald J. Greene (New Haven, 1977), 454; James Otis,
The Rights of the British Colonists Asserted and Proved
(1764), in Bernard Bailyn, ed.,
Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 1750–1776
(Cambridge, MA, 1965), 1: 439.

24
. Bernard Bailyn,
The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
(Cambridge, MA, 1967), 239.

25
. TJ,
A Summary View of the Rights of British America
(1774),
Jefferson: Writings
, 115–16.

26
. Gary B. Nash,
Race and Revolution
(Madison, WI, 1990), 9; BR to Granville Sharp, 1Nov. 1774, in John A. Woods, ed., “The Correspondence of Benjamin Rush and Granville Sharp, 1773–1809,”
Journal of American Studies
, 1 (1967), 13.

27
. Jefferson to Jean Nicolas Démeunier, 26 June 1786,
Papers of Jefferson
, 10: 63; Adam Rothman,
Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South
(Cambridge, MA, 2005), 2.

28
. For examples of these anti-slave expressions, see James G. Basker et al., eds.,
Early American Abolitionists: A Collection of Anti-Slavery Writings, 1760–1820
(New York, 2005).

29
. Patrick T. Conley and John P. Kaminski, eds.,
The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties
(Madison, WI, 1992), 202.

30
. Ira Berlin,
Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America
(Cambridge, MA, 1998), 232.

31
. Berlin,
Many Thousands Gone
, 232.

32
. James Wilson, 3 Dec. 1787,
The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution: Ratification by the States: Pennsylvania
, ed. Merrill Jensen et al., (Madison, WI, 1976), 2: 463.

33
. White,
Somewhat More Independent
, 51.

34
. Lorena S. Walsh,
From Calabar to Carter’s Grove: The History of a Virginia Slave Community
(Charlottesville, 1997), 129.

35
. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 415–18, 428–33, 652–54; Duncan J. MacLeod,
Slavery, Race and the American Revolution
(Cambridge, UK, 1974), 29.

36
. Douglas R. Egerton,
Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802
(Chapel Hill, 1993), 13.

37
. Berlin,
Many Thousands Gone
, 281; Egerton,
Gabriel’s Rebellion
, 13.

38
. Adam Rothman,
Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South
(Cambridge, MA, 2005), 25–26, 31, 34.

39
. Philip Morgan, “Black Society in the Lowcountry, 1760–1810,” in Berlin and Hoffman, eds.,
Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution,
114–15, 124–25. Still, compared to the Upper South the number of free blacks in South Carolina was negligible; as late as 1800 only about three thousand free blacks lived in the state. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 491.

40
. GW to Robert Lewis, 17 Aug. 1799,
Papers of Washington: Retirement Ser
., 4: 256.

41
. Richard S. Newman, “Prelude to the Gag Rule: Southern Reaction to Antislavery Petitions in the First Federal Congress,”
JER
, 16 (1996), 571–72; JM to BR, 20 Mar. 1790,
Papers of Madison
, 13: 109.