Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (169 page)

28
. Ellis,
After the Revolution
, 51.

29
. David C. Ward,
Charles Willson Peale: Art and Selfhood in the Early Republic
(Berkeley, 2004), 146.

30
. Neil,
Toward a National Taste
, 57–58; Ward,
Peale
, 16–17.

31
. Lillian B. Miller,
Patrons and Patriotism: The Encouragement of the Fine Arts in the United States, 1790–1860
(Chicago, 1966), 90.

32
. Ward,
Peale
, 103–4.

33
. Charles Willson Peale,
Discourse Introductory to a Course of Lectures on the Science of Nature
(1800), in Gordon S. Wood, ed.,
The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820
, rev. ed. (Boston, 1990), 224, 225; David R. Brigham,
Public Culture in the Early Republic: Peale’s Museum and Its Audience
(Washington, DC, 1995), 36; Charles Coleman Sellers,
Mr. Peale’s Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art
(New York, 1980), 26–27; Sidney Hart, “‘To Encrease the Comforts of Life’: Charles Willson Peale and the Mechanical Arts,”
Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog
. 110 (1986), 323–57; Ward,
Peale
, 105–7.

34
. John Saillant, “The American Enlightenment,”
Eighteenth-Century Studies
, 31 (1998), 264.

35
. Kenneth R. Bowling,
The Creation of Washington, D.C.: The Ideas and Location of the American Capital
(Fairfax, VA, 1991), 5.

36
. On the French revolutionary efforts, see James A. Leith,
The Idea of Art as Propaganda in France, 1750–1799
(Toronto, 1965); David Lloyd Dowd,
Pageant Master of the Republic: Jacques-Louis David and the French Revolution
(Lincoln, NE, 1948).

37
. David Humphreys, “Poem on the Industry of the United States of America” (1804), in Vernon Louis Parrington, ed.,
The Connecticut Wits
(New York, 1954, new ed. 1969), 401.

38
. John W. Reps,
Monumental Washington: The Planning and Development of the Capital Center
(Princeton, 1967),
ch. 1
.

39
. Neil,
Toward a National Taste
, 150–51.

40
. TJ to William Buchanan and James Hay, 26 Jan. 1786, to JM, 20 Sept. 1785,
Papers of Jefferson
, 9: 220–22, 8: 534–35.

41
. Lawrence J. Friedman,
Inventors of the Promised Land
(New York, 1975), 9; Jeffrey H. Richards,
Drama, Theater, and Identity in the American New Republic
(Cambridge, UK, 2005), 2, 4; Heather Nathans,
Early American Theater from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People
(Cambridge, UK, 2003), 86; Edward J. Nygren and Bruce Robertson, eds.,
Views and Visions: American Landscape Before 1830
(Washington, DC, 1986), 25, 137–43.

42
. Latrobe, “Anniversary Oration,”
Port Folio
, 3rd Ser., 5 (1811), 4.

43
. Harris,
Artist in American Society
, 22.

44
. Ruth M. Elson,
Guardians of Tradition: American Schoolbooks of the Nineteenth Century
(Lincoln, NE, 1964), 223; Michael T. Gilmore, “The Literature of the Revolutionary and Early National Periods,”
The Cambridge History of American Literature
, ed. Sacvan Bercovitch (Cambridge, UK, 1994), 548.

45
. Gilmore, “The Literature of the Revolutionary and Early National Periods,” 548–49.

46
. Nathans,
Early American Theater
, 13–36; G. Thomas Tanselle,
Royall Tyler
(Cambridge, MA, 1967), 5; William J. Meserve,
An Emerging Entertainment: The Drama of the American People to 1828
(Bloomington, IN, 1977), 61.

47
. Kenneth R. Bowling, “A Capital Before a Capitol: Republican Visions,” in Kennon, ed.,
A Republic for the Ages
, 51.

48
. Ellis,
After the Revolution
, 133.

49
. Nathans,
Early American Theater
, 37–70; Silverman,
Cultural History of the American Revolution
, 546–556; Ellis,
After the Revolution
, 129;
American Museum
, 5 (1789), 185–90.

50
. Merle Curti,
The Growth of American Thought
, 3rd ed. (New York, 1964), 133.

51
. Bowling, “Capital Before a Capitol,” Kennon, ed.,
A Republic for the Ages
, 51.

52
. Playbill, in Wood, ed.,
Rising Glory of America
, 281; Nye,
Cultural Life of the New Nation
, 264; Ellis,
After the Revolution
, 133–34; Richards,
Drama, Theater, and Identity in the American New Republic
, 69, 2; Nathans,
Early American Theater
, 86–88.

53
. William Haliburton,
The Effects of the Stage . . . on the Manners of a People
(Boston, 1792), 11, 15, 21.

54
. Silverman,
Cultural History of the American Revolution
, 554; Ellis,
After the Revolution
, 134; David Grimsted,
Melodrama Unveiled: American Theater and Culture, 1800–1850
(Chicago, 1968), 8; Meserve,
Emerging Entertainment
, 104–5.

55
. Meserve,
Emerging Entertainment
, 154.

56
. Elson,
Guardians of Tradition
, 233.

57
. Latrobe, “Anniversary Oration,”
Port Folio
, 3rd Ser., 5 (1811), 30.

58
. Joseph Hopkinson, “Annual Discourse, Delivered Before the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts” (1810), in Wood, ed.,
Rising Glory of America
, 334.

59
. James Thomas Flexner,
The Light of Distant Skies: American Painting, 1760–1835
(New York, 1954), 152.

60
. Hopkinson, “Annual Discourse,” in Wood, ed.,
Rising Glory of America
, 330; Oliver W. Larkin,
Samuel F. B. Morse and the American Democratic Art
(Boston, 1954), 31–32.

61
. Flexner,
Light of Distant Skies
, 84; David Meschutt, “John Durand,” in John A. Garraty and Mark Carnes, eds.,
American National Biography
(New York, 1999), 7: 139–40.

62
. Charles Coleman Sellers,
Charles Willson Peale
, vol. 2,
Later Life
(Philadelphia, 1947), 329.

63
. JA to Marshall, 4 Feb. 1806,
Papers of Marshall
, 6: 425; to TJ, 13 July 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
(Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 349; Editorial Note,
The Life of George Washington
,
Papers of Marshall
, 6: 221.

64
. Emily E. F. Skeel, ed.,
Mason Locke Weems: His Works and Ways
(New York, 1929), 1: 55, 132.

65
. Karen A. Weyler,
Intricate Relations: Sexual and Economic Desire in American Fiction, 1789–1814
(Iowa City, 2004), 29–74.

66
. Rodney Hessinger,
Seduced, Abandoned, and Reborn: Visions of Youth in Middle-Class America, 1780–1850
(Philadelphia, 2005), 23–43.

67
. Sellers,
Charles Willson Peale
, 2: 62–72; James Thomas Flexner, “The Scope of Painting in the 1790s,”
Penn. Mag. of History and Biography
, 74 (1950), 74–89 (I owe this reference to John E. Crowley); Flexner,
The Light of Distant Skies
, 103, 109–10; Nygren and Robertson, eds.,
Views and Visions
, 25, 137–43.

68
. Miller,
Patrons and Patriotism
, 92; Flexner,
The Light of Distant Skies
, 159.

69
. Flexner,
The Light of Distant Skies
, 161.

70
. Harris,
The Artist in American Society
, 93–95; Miller,
Patrons and Patriotism
, 265.

71
.
North American Review
, 2 (1815–1816), 161; Harris,
The Artist in American Society
, 97.

72
. Daniel Walker Howe,
The Unitarian Conscience: Harvard Moral Philosophy, 1805–1861
(Cambridge, MA, 1970), 191.

73
. Theodore Dehon, “With Literature as with Government” (1807), in Lewis P. Simpson, ed.,
The Federalist Literary Mind
(Baton Rouge, 1962), 186.

74
. Davidson,
Revolution and the Word
, 73–79.

75
. Ellis,
After the Revolution
, 155; William Dunlap,
A History of the American Theater
(New York, 1832), 1: 130, 125; Jean V. Matthews,
Toward a New Society: American Thought and Culture, 1800–1830
(Boston, 1990), 132; Grimsted,
Melodrama Unveiled
, 20.

76
. Flexner, “The Scope of Painting in the 1790s,”
Penn. Mag. of History and Biography
, 74 (1950), 84–87; Martin P. Snyder, “William Birch: His Philadelphia Views,” ibid., 73 (1949), 271–315; Snyder, “Birch’s Philadelphia Views: New Discoveries,” ibid., 88 (1964), 164–73.

77
. Flexner,
The Light of Distant Skies
, 191–92, 112; William Dunlap,
A History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States
(1834; New York, 1969), 1: 417, 418.

78
. Dunlap,
A History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design
, 1; 417; Joseph Stevens Buckminster, “The Dangers and Duties of Men of Letters” (1809), and Robert H. Gardiner, “The Multiplicity of Our Literary Institutions” (1807), in Simpson, ed.,
Federalist Literary Mind
, 100, 71, 55, 101.

79
. Lewis P. Simpson, “Federalism and the Crisis of Literary Order,”
American Literature
, 32 (1960), 260; Joseph Stevens Buckminster, “The Polity of Letters” (1806), in Simpson, ed.,
Federalist Literary Mind
, 260, 184.

80
.
Port Folio
, 4th Ser., 3 (1814), 35–38.

81
. Harris,
The Artist in American Society
, 97;
Port Folio
, 4th Ser., 3 (1814), 154.

82
.
North American Review
, 16 (1823), 102–3.

83
. Virgil Barker,
American Painting: History and Interpretation
(New York, 1960), 339–51.

84
. Edmund Trowbridge Dana, “The Works of Criticism” (1805), Simpson, ed.,
Federalist Literary Mind
, 209–12.

85
. Catherine O’Donnell Kaplan,
Men of Letters in the Early Republic: Cultivating Forums of Citizenship
(Chapel Hill, 2008), 201–2; Nye,
Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830
, 236; Russell B. Nye,
George Bancroft
(New York, 1964), 40.

1
. Nicholas Collin, “An Essay on those inquiries in Natural Philosophy Which at Present are most beneficial to the United States of America,” American Philosophical Society,
Trans
., 2 (1793), vii.

2
. Henry May,
The Enlightenment in America
(New York, 1976), 72–73; [John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon],
Cato’s Letters
. . . (London, 1748,) IV, No. 123; John Locke,
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
(London, 1695), bk. IV,
ch. 19
; Jon Butler,
Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People
(Cambridge, MA, 1990), 195–96, 214–15.

3
. TJ to Horatio Spafford, 17 March 1814, to James Smith, 8 Dec. 1822, in James H. Hutson, ed.,
The Founders on Religion: A Book of Quotations
(Princeton, 2005), 68, 218.

4
. Russell B. Nye,
The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830
(New York, 1960), 230; Franklin Hamlin Littell,
From State Church to Pluralism: A Protestant Interpretation of Religion in American History
(New York, 1962), 32.

5
. Butler,
Awash in a Sea of Faith
, 195; John W. Chandler, “The Communitarian Quest for Perfection,” in Stuart C. Henry, ed.,
A Miscellany of American Christianity
(Durham, NC, 1963), 58; William Warren Sweet,
The Story of Religions in America
(New York, 1930), 322; Douglas H. Sweet, “Church Vitality and the American Revolution: Historiographical Consensus and Thoughts Towards a New Perspective,”
Church History
, 45 (1976), 342, 344.

6
. On deism, see Kerry S. Walters,
The American Deists: Voices of Reason and Dissent in the Early Republic
(lawrence, KS, 1992).