Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (174 page)

7
. TJ to Benjamin Austin, 9 Jan. 1816,
Jefferson: Writings
, 1369–72.

8
. James L. Huston,
Securing the Fruits of Labor: the American Concepts of Wealth Distribution, 1765–1900
(Baton Rouge, 1998), 89.

9
. Clay, 22 Jan. 1812,
Annals of Congress
, 12th Congress, 1st session, 23: 918.

10
. Cathy Matson and Peter Onuf, “Toward a Republican Empire,”
American Quarterly
, 37 (1985), 496–531.

11
. Calhoun Quoted in Oscar and Lillian Handlin,
Liberty in Expansion, 1760–1850
(New York, 1989), 197;
Niles’ Weekly Register
, 1 (1811–1812), 282, 3; Mathew Carey (1822), quoted in Nathan Miller,
The Enterprise of a Free People: Aspects of Economic Development in New York State During the Canal Period, 1792–1838
(Ithaca, 1962), 42.

12
. John Crowley,
This Sheba, Self: the Conceptualization of Economic Life in Eighteenth-Century America
(Baltimore, 1974), 88, 97–99, 38–39; [William Smith],
The Independent Reflector
, ed. Milton M. Klein (Cambridge, MA, 1963), 106.

13
. [Anon.],
The Commercial Conduct of the United States of America Considered, and the True Interest Thereof, Attempted to be Shewn By a Citizen of the New York
(New York, 1786), 4.

14
. Montesquieu,
Spirit of the Laws
, ed. Franz Neumann (New York, 1949), I, bk. xx, ch. 13, p. 323;
Niles’ Weekly Register
, 6 (1814), 395.

15
.
Niles’ Weekly Register
, 3 (1812), 328.

16
. Dewitt Clinton,
A Discourse Delivered Before the New-York Historical Society, at their Anniversary Meeting, 6th December 1811
(New York, 1814), 37.

17
. BF, “Information to Those Who Would Remove to America” (1784),
Franklin: Writings
, 975–83.

18
. John Sylvester John Gardiner, “The Scholar and Gentleman United” (1806), in Lewis P. Simpson, ed.,
The Federalist Literary Mind: Selections from the Monthly Anthology and Boston Review, 1803–1811
(Baton Rouge, 1962), 81.

19
. Lawrence A. Cremin,
American Education: The National Experience, 1783–1876
(New York, 1980), 2: 249–334; Donald G. Tewksbury,
The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War, with Particular Reference to the Religious Influences Bearing upon the College Movement
(New York, 1932), 55–132; Natalie A. Naylor, “The Ante-Bellum College Movement: A Reappraisal of Tewksbury’s Founding of American Colleges and Universities,”
History of Education Quarterly
, 13 (1973), 261–74; Opal,
Beyond the Farm
, 128, 127.

20
. George Wilson Pierson,
Tocqueville in America,
abridged by Dudley C. Lunt (New York, 1959), 44.

21
. Morris Birkbeck,
Notes on a Journey in America, from the Coast of Virginia to the Territory of Illinois
(London, 1819), 37, 108, 98; Cooper quoted in Edwin H. Cady,
The Gentleman in America: A Literary Study in American Culture
(Syracuse, 1949), 121.

22
. Charles Jared Ingersoll,
Inchiquin, the Jesuit’s Letters
(1810), in Gordon S. Wood, ed.,
The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820
(New York, 1971), 387.

23
. Opal,
Beyond the Farm
, 175; Peter J. Coleman,
Debtors and Creditors in America: Insolvency, Imprisonment for Debt and Bankruptcy, 1607–1900
(Madison, WI, 1974), 287–88; Scott A. Sandage,
Born Losers: A History of Failure in America
(Cambridge, MA, 2005), 7; Bruce H. Mann,
Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence
(Cambridge, MA, 2002), 36.

24
. See James T. Lemon and Gary Nash, “The Distribution of Wealth in Eighteenth-Century America: A Century of Change in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1693–1802,”
Journal of Social History
, 2 (1968), 1–24; Allan Kulikoff, “The Progress of Inequality in Revolutionary Boston,”
WMQ
, 28 (1971), 375–412; Lee Soltow, “Economic Inequality in the United States in the Period from 1790 to 1860,”
Journal of Economic History
, 31 (1971), 822–839; Jackson Turner Main, “Trends in Wealth Concentration Before 1860,” ibid., 445–57.

25
. John Melish,
Travels Through the United States of America, in the Years 1806 and 1807, and 1809, 1810, and 1811
(London, 1815), 100, 48–49.

26
. Rena L. Vassar, ed., “The Life or Biography of Silas Felton Written by Himself,” American Antiquarian Society,
Proc
., 69 (1959), 120, 127–28, 129–30; Opal,
Beyond the Farm
, 137, 132–37, 147–48, 135.

27
. Opal,
Beyond the Farm
, 135, 136.

28
. Chauncey Jerome,
History of the American Clock Business
, in Joyce Appleby, ed.,
Recollections of the Early Republic: Selected Autobiographies
(Boston, 1997), 183.

29
. Joseph Dennnie,
Port Folio
, 1 (14Feb. 1801), in J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall, eds.,
Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography
(New York, 1986), 250. In his famous work
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
(1905), the great German sociologist Max Weber found Franklin to be the perfect exemplar of the modern capitalistic spirit.

30
. Irvin Wyllie,
The Self-Made Man in America: The Myth of Rags to Riches
(New Brunswick, NJ, 1954); John G. Cawelti,
Apostles of the Self-Made Man
(Chicago, 1965); Daniel Walker Howe,
Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln
(Cambridge, MA, 1997).

31
. William L. Hedges, “Washington Irving: Nonsense, the Fat of the Land and the Dream of Indolence,” in Matthew J. Bruccoli, ed.,
The Chief Glory of Every People
(Carbondale, IL, 1973), 156–57.

32
. Roland M. Baumann, “John Swanwick: Spokesman for ‘Merchant-Republicanism’ in Philadelphia, 1790–1798,”
Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog
., 97 (1973), 141.

33
. Stow Persons,
The Decline of American Gentility
(New York, 1973), 50.

34
. John Caldwell,
William Findley from West of the Mountains: Congressman, 1791–1821
(Gig Harbor, WA, 2002), 356, 377; Cathy N. Davidson,
Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America
(New York, 1986), 68.

35
. Richard L. bushman,
The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities
(New York, 1992), xiii;
American Monthly Magazine
, 2 (1818), 469.

36
. Daniel Drake,
Pioneer Life in Kentucky
, in Appleby, ed.,
Recollections
, 60.

37
. Martha Tomhave Blauvelt,
The Work of the Heart: Young Women and Emotion, 1780–1830
(Charlottesville, 2007), 192.

38
.
Franklin Society for the Suppression of Temperance
(Broadside: Greenfield, MA, 23 Feb. 1814); Mason L. Weems,
The True Patriot; or, An Oration on the Beauties and Beatitudes of a Republic
(Philadelphia, 1802), 37.

39
. David Hackett Fischer,
The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy
(New York, 1965), 156; James H. Broussard,
The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816
(Baton Rouge, 1978), 309.

40
. Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York, 2005), 70.

41
. See, in general, Everett Somerville Brown, ed.,
William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate, 1803–1807
(London, 1923).

42
. Elias Smith,
The Loving Kindness of God Disposed in the Triumph of Republicanism in America
(n.p., 1809), 14–15.

43
. C. Edward Skeen, “
Vox Populi
,
Vox Dei
: The Compensation Act of 1816 and the Rise of Popular Politics,”
JER
, 6 (1986), 259–60.

44
. Skeen, “
Vox Populi
,
Vox Dei
,”
JER
, 6 (1986), 259–60.

45
. TJ to De Meunier, 29 April 1795, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Federal Edition
(New York, 1904), 8: 174.

46
. Skeen, “
Vox Populi, Vox Dei
,”
JER
, 6 (1986), 261.

47
. Caldwell,
William Findley from West of the Mountains
, 370–72.

48
. Skeen, “
Vox Populi
,
Vox Dei
,”
JER
, 6 (1986), 272.

49
. Constantin Francois Volney,
A New Translation of Volney’s Ruins; or, Mediations on the Revolution of Empires
(Paris, 1802), 1: 152.

50
. Gordon S. Wood,
The Radicalism of the American Revolution
(New York, 1992), 360;
North American Review
, 3 (1816), 345–47.

51
. Nathaniel Cogswell,
An Oration, Delivered Before the Republican Citizens of Newburyport . . . on the Fourth of July 1808
(Newburyport, 1808), 18–19;
Monthly Anthology and Boston Review
(Boston, 1808), 450; Pliny Merrick,
An Oration, Delivered at Worcester, July 4, 1817
(Worcester, 1817), 9–10.

52
. Gordon S. Wood, “Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century,”
WMQ
, 39 (1982), 439–41; David B. Davis,
The Slave Power Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style
(Baton Rouge, 1969); Thomas L. Haskell,
The Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science Association and the Nineteenth-Century Crisis of Authority
(Urbana, IL, 1977).

53
. Edward J. Nygren and Bruce Robertson, eds.,
Views and Visions: American Landscape Before 1830
(Washington, DC, 1986), 226, 37–40, 58.

54
. Joseph Hopkinson,
Annual Discourse
(1810), in Wood, ed.,
Rising Glory of America
, 336; Washington Irving,
A History of New York
(1809), in James W. Tuttleton, ed.,
Washington Irving: History, Tales and Sketches
(New York, 1983), 489.

55
.
New York Magazine
, 5 (1794), 472, 474.

56
. TJ to John Banister Jr., 15 Oct. 1785,
Papers of Jefferson
, 8: 636; to Joseph C. Cabell, 28 Nov. 1820, in Ford, ed.,
Writings of Jefferson
, 10: 166; Joseph Dorfman,
The Economic Mind in American Civilization, 1606–1865
(New York, 1946), 2: 503–4; DeWitt Clinton,
An Introductory Discourse, Delivered Before the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, July 4th, 1814
(New York, 1815), 38.

57
. John C. Greene, “Science in the Age of Jefferson,”
Isis
, 49 (1958), 24.

58
. Thomas Cooper,
Port Folio
, 5th Ser. (1817), 408–13.

59
. Hugo A. Meier, “Technology and Democracy, 1800–1860,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, 43 (1957), 622; Edward Handler, “‘Nature Itself Is All Arcanum’: The Scientific Outlook of John Adams,” American Philosophical Society,
Proc
., 120 (1979), 223.

60
. Richard Harrison Shryock,
Medicine and Society in America, 1660–1860
(New York, 1960), 70; Carl Binger,
Revolutionary Doctor: Benjamin Rush, 1746–1813
(New York, 1966), 229.

61
. Whitfield J. Bell,
Early American Science: Needs and Opportunities for Study
(Williamsburg, 1955), 8–9; Donald J. D’Elia, “Dr. Benjamin Rush and the American Medical Revolution,” American Philosophical Society,
Proc
., 110 (1966), 227–34.

62
.
Port Folio
, 4th Ser., 6 (1815), 275; Patricia Cline Cohen,
A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America
(Chicago, 1982), 154.

63
. James H. Smylie, “Charles Nisbet: Second Thoughts on a Revolutionary Generation,”
Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog
., 98 (1974), 201.

64
. Daniel Drake, “Introductory Lecture for the Second Session of the Medical College of Ohio,” Henry D. Shapiro and Zane L. Miller, eds.,
Physician in the West: Selected Writings of Daniel Drake
(Lexington, KY, 1970), 171.

65
. Hopkinson,
Annual Discourse
, (1810), in Wood, ed.,
Rising Glory of America
, 333; Nathan Hatch,
The Democratization of American Christianity
(New Haven, 1989), 45.