The Plantagenets (91 page)

Richard of Lincoln, 4

Richard de Lucy, 71, 87, 88, 94

Richard de Percy, 211

Richard of Poitiers, 49

Richmond, John of Brittany, earl of, 379, 398, 409, 412

Ridel, Geoffrey, 4, 72

Robert, count of Alençon, 164–5

Robert, earl of Gloucester, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22

Robert of Artois, 454–5, 470

Robert Beaumont, earl of Leicester, 16, 34–5, 73, 86, 185

Robert Beaumont (son of above), earl of Leicester, 86, 87, 88, 92

Robert I Bruce, king of Scots,
see
Bruce

Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, 9, 15, 132, 428

Robert of Torigni, 37, 54, 95

Robert de Vaux, 87

Robin Hood, 216, 284, 395

Roche–aux–Moines, siege (1214), 207

Roger, bishop of Salisbury, 16

Roger de Pont l’Evêque, archbishop of York, 69, 78, 82

Roger of Hereford, 51

Roger of Howden: on Geoffrey’s death, 105; on Henry II’s castles, 94; on Richard I and John, 141; on Richard I and Philip II, 106; on Richard I’s coronation, 112; on Richard I’s finances, 113; on Richard I’s release, 135; on Toulouse campaign, 57; on Young King’s demands, 101

Roger de Montbegon, 211

Roger of Pontigny, 69

Roger of Wendover: on barons’ rebellion, 212; on Edward II’s revenge, 403; on extortions from Jews, 191; on
Henry III’s government, 232–3; on John’s character, 182; on John’s demands for hostages, 192; on La Rochelle, 226; on lunar eclipse, 187; on Peter of Wakefield’s prophecies, 196–7; on reissue of charters, 227–8

Rory O’Connor, king of Connaught, 79, 93

Rouen: capture (1144), 19, 21; defences, 143; John’s investiture, 151; murder of Arthur, 166–7; Plantagenet family conference (1156), 52; siege (1174), 91; siege (1193), 133

Runnymede, 213, 217, 260

Rutland, earl of, 590

St Asaph, bishop of, 586

Saintonge, the, 179

Saladin: Acre agreement, 121; atrocity stories, 110; correspondence with Richard I, 121, 126, 129; crusade resonance, 598; Hattin victory, 110; Jerusalem capture, 109; paintings of, 254; Richard I’s last campaign against, 127–9; rumours about Eleanor of Aquitaine, 29; threat, 105; tithe, 113, 190; truce (1192), 129

Salisbury: castle, 92, 430; parliament (1297), 341–3; parliament (1328), 429; parliament (1384), 543

Salisbury, Henry de Lacy, earl of, 370,
see also
Lincoln

Salisbury, Sir John, 542, 555

Salisbury, John Montagu, 3rd earl of, 567, 580, 581–2, 590

Salisbury, Thomas, earl of,
see
Thomas, earl of Lancaster

Salisbury, William Longespée, earl of: barons’ rebellion (1215), 211–12; Bouvines defeat (1214), 207–8; capture and imprisonment, 208, 211; Damme naval victory (1213), 203–4; death, 232; French expedition (1205), 176, 178, 179; French expedition (1214), 206; Gascon expedition (1225), 228

Salisbury, William Montagu, earl of: captured by French, 457; death, 480; earldom of Surrey, 450; Edward II’s coup, 435–6; Scottish campaign (1333), 446; Stratford mediation, 467

Salisbury, William Montagu (son of above), 2nd earl of, 472, 485–6, 506

Sancho VI, king of Navarre, 116

Sandwich, naval battle (1217), 223

Savoy, counts of, 237–8

Scalachronica
, 463

Scarborough castle, 50–1, 95, 374, 375

Scone, 327, 340, 351, 364, 445, 599

Scotland: Arthur’s dominion, 598; Balliol’s homage to Edward, 328–9; Bannockburn battle (1314), 384–6, 597; border raids, 424; border region, 95; council of guardians, 325; David II’s captivity, 476, 480, 490, 493, 508; David II’s restoration, 470; David II’s ransom, 508; the Disinherited, 445; dominion status (1334), 447; Dunbar battle (1296), 339, 348, 597; Edward I’s wars, 324, 335–6, 337–40, 347–8, 351, 352, 425; Edward II’s invasion, 383–6; Edward II’s policy, 368, 370; Edward III’s campaign (1333–7), 445–7, 454; Edward III’s Lowlands raid (1355–6), 495; English raids, 493; Falkirk battle (1298), 347, 350, 383, 385, 445, 597; French alliance, 336, 447, 453; government by twelve–man council (1295), 335; Great Cause, 327; Halidon Hill battle (1333), 446, 474, 597; Henry II’s achievements, 92, 598–9; invasion of England (1322), 404; invasion of Ireland (1315), 389, 395; John’s achievements, 187, 197; Neville’s Cross battle (1346), 476; rebel victory at Stirling Bridge (1297), 345; recognized as sovereign kingdom (1328), 425; Richard II’s expedition (1385), 545; Robert Bruce’s coronation, 351; Stanhope Park battle (1327), 425, 597; succession issue, 325–7; treaty of Birgham (1290), 325, 328; treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton (1328), 425, 445; treaty of friendship with France (1296), 336; treaty of Norham (1209), 194, 197; twelve–man council (1295), 335; Wallace rebellion, 345, 346–8, 350

Scrope, Sir Geoffrey, 444

Scrope, Sir Richard, 580

Scrope, Richard, archbishop of York, 585

Scrope, William, earl of Wiltshire, 567, 569–70

Shakespeare, William, 222, 460, 594

sheriffs: appointment, 372; background, 252, 535; bribery of, 315; collection of taxes, 50, 228, 252; John’s Irish policies, 194; John’s management of clerical property, 189; land law, 97, 98; recruitment of troops, 552; replacement of, 137, 389, 465; responsibilities, 96; royal, 96, 183; sheriffdoms for sale, 113; ‘sheriff’s aid’, 67; Welsh administrative machinery, 314

shipping war (1292–3), 330–1

Sibylla, countess of Flanders, 52

Sicily, 117–18, 255–7, 290

Simon de Reading, 418

Sluys, naval battle (1340), 458–60, 464

Snowdonia, 301, 307, 308

Somerset, John Beaufort, earl of,
see
Beaufort

Song against the King’s Taxes
, 461–2

‘Song of Lewes’, 273, 283

Southampton, French raid (1338), 457

Stafford, Edmund, bishop of Exeter, 567

Stanhope Park, battle (1327), 425, 597

Stapledon, Walter de, bishop of Exeter, 414, 415

Statute of Acton Burnell (1283), 315

Statute of Gloucester (1278), 304–5, 315

Statute of Jewry (1275), 320

Statute of Labourers (1351), 493–4, 535

Statute of Marlborough (1267), 287–8

Statute of Merchants (1285), 315

Statute of Mortmain (1279), 304–5, 315

Statute of Pleading (1362), 504–5, 600–1

Statute of Purveyance (1362), 504

Statute of Rhuddlan (1284), 317

Statute of Treason (1352), 551

Statute of Wales (1284), 314

Statute of Westminster I (1275), 304–5, 315

Statute of Westminster II (1285), 315

Statute of Winchester (1285), 315–16, 538

Statute of York (1322), 403

Statutes of Stamford (1309), 367

Stephen of Blois, king of England: acclaimed king, 14–16; character, 16, 39; coinage, 40; crown–wearing ceremony, 136; death, 40; defeats (1153), 33, 35–6; family background, 15; finances, 14, 16, 50; government, 16–17, 20; Henry’s first invasion, 23; peace terms with Henry, 36, 37–40; relationship with Church, 37, 50, 63; supporters, 14, 16, 34–5, 40;
White Ship
survival, 4, 6, 7, 15; war with Matilda, 17–21, 136, 212

Stephen of Rouen, 54

Stewart, Robert, 446, 447, 470

Stirling Bridge, battle (1297), 345, 346

Stratford, John, archbishop of Canterbury, 458, 463, 465–7, 468

Stratford, Robert, bishop of Chichester, chancellor, 464, 465

Strongbow (Richard FitzGilbert de Clare), 79–80

Sudbury, Simon of, archbishop of Canterbury, 527, 528, 529, 532, 533, 536–7

Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, earl of: Appellant revolt, 552, 554; escape overseas, 554; relationship with Richard II, 544, 550; removal demanded by parliament, 546, 548; role in Richard II’s household, 542; title, 545

Suffolk, Robert Ufford, earl of, 436, 450, 457

Surrey, duke of,
see
Holland, Thomas

Surrey, John de Warenne, earl of, 339, 340, 345

Surrey, John de Warenne, earl of (grandson of above): Gaveston’s capture and death, 374–5, 377; Gaveston’s return, 368; opposition to Edward II, 365; Ordinances policy, 369; Scottish campaign issue, 383, 386; Stratford mediation, 467; support for Edward II, 398, 400, 403

Swynford, Katherine, 568

Swynford, Sir Thomas, 591

Sybil, queen of Jerusalem, 110

Tancarville, count of, 490

Tancred II, king of Sicily, 255

taxation: avoidance, 305; clerical, 254, 256, 404; crusading tax, 254, 289, 322; customs duties, 342, 346; Edward I’s policies, 317, 323, 324, 342–4, 346; Edward II’s policies, 368, 404; Edward III’s policies, 461–2, 465, 467, 468, 477, 520; export taxes, 477; expulsion of Jews, 323; hearth taxes, 512; Henry III’s policies, 227–8, 232, 243, 251–2, 254, 260; on Jews, 320; John’s policies, 183, 184, 205–6, 214; for military campaigns, 228, 232, 243, 251–2, 404, 520, 531; on movables, 183, 227–8, 323, 344, 468; papal taxation of English clergy, 520; Peasants’

Revolt, 532, 534–5; poll taxes, 532, 534–5; Richard II’s policies, 546, 586; Richard I’s ransom, 133; right to grant taxes, 593; Saladin tithe, 113, 190; scutage, 205–6, 210; ‘sheriff’s aid’, 67; Welsh revolt, 332–3; wool tax, 468

Templar knights, 99, 113, 119, 224, 331, 380

Templar of Tyre, the, 292

Tewkesbury abbey, 259

Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, 34, 38, 45, 60, 63

Theobald, count of Blois, brother of Stephen, 15

Theobald V, count of Blois, 29, 31, 86

Theobald IV of Champagne, 242

Thomas
, cog, 457, 461, 490

Thomas, earl of Lancaster: ancestry, 358, 371; capture and imprisonment, 400, 403; character, 371–2; civil war, 398–400; death, 400–1, 402, 416, 417, 430, 551, 597; earldoms, 371; Edward II’s coronation, 363, 364; Edward II’s view of, 381, 382; Gaveston’s capture and death, 375–8, 390, 401; government role, 389, 390; lands distributed by king, 403–4; lands inherited by son, 508; nicknamed by Gaveston, 368; opposition to Edward II, 365, 397–8; Ordainer, 372, 373, 390, 414; pardoned by Edward II, 382, 572; reform programme undone, 402; relationship with Edward II, 387–8, 391–2, 393, 395; reputation, 596; reversal of treason sentence, 423; Scottish campaign issue, 383, 386; widow, 405

Thomas of Brotherton, earl of Norfolk: birth, 349; earldom, 381, 450; opposition to Mortimer, 430; Scottish campaign (1333), 446; supplanted by Gaveston, 361; support for Edward II, 398; support for Edward III, 415; support for Isabella and Mortimer, 415

Thomas of Burton, 460

Thomas of Savoy, count of Flanders, 240, 242

Thomas of Woodstock, earl of Buckingham, duke of Gloucester: Appellant, 552–4, 565, 566; arrest and imprisonment, 565–7, 590; birth, 480, 500; death, 568–9, 571, 572, 573; lands and
castles, 578; marriage, 512; mother’s death, 516; pardon revoked, 568; Peasants’ Revolt, 536; regency, 500; relationship with nephew Richard II, 543, 547, 552–4, 564–5; removal from council, 557; status, 505, 508; titles, 536, 545

Thorne, William, 512–13

Toulouse: siege (1159), 54–8, 597; unrest, 106, 107

Tour de Nesle scandal, 409

Touraine: barons, 151; Breton–French attack, 154; castles, 95; Henry II’s control of, 31, 51, 470; Henry the Young King’s gifts, 86; John’s grants of castles, 140; John’s losses, 165, 169, 174, 178; Plantagenet sovereignty, 498; Richard’s inheritance, 109

tournaments: deaths, 104; Edward I, 273, 282, 288, 293; Edward II, 358; Edward III, 440, 443, 449, 462, 466, 479–80, 485–6; Henry the Young King, 82, 101; King’s Langley, 387; Mortimer’s role, 428–9; pretext for muster of forces, 374; ‘Round Tables’, 298

Tours, fall (1189), 108

Tower of London: Appellants, 553; construction, 212; Edward II’s flight, 413, 414; Edward III’s arrival, 463–4, 465, 467; executions, 568; Mortimer’s escape, 407–8; Peasants’ Revolt, 533, 534, 536–7, 579, 583; prisoners, 339, 340, 398, 403, 407, 565; Richard II’s imprisonment, 583–5; royal treasury, 404, 465; traitors’ heads, 309

treasury, royal: at Chinon, 151; Henry I’s reforms, 9–10; Henry III’s finances, 244; John’s finances, 187, 195; Richard I’s finances, 138; Richard II’s finances, 541; seized by Stephen, 14; at Tower of London, 404, 465