The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act (57 page)

 
    
117
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 34–35; Meader interview.

 
    
118
Wall Street Journal
, September 26, 1963, 6; Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 35.

 
    
119
Minutes, Subcommittee No. 5, Committee on the Judiciary, September 24, 1963, box 402, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, 88th Congress, Committee on the Judiciary, National Archives; Robert Kimball, interview with the author, September 4, 2013.

 
    
120
New York Times
, October 3, 1963, 194;
Washington Post
, October 1, 1963, A2.

 
    
121
Bryant,
The Bystander
, 448;
Christian Science Monitor
, October 6, 1963, 68.

 
    
122
Katzenbach,
Some of It
, 124.

Chapter 4: The October Crisis

 
    
1
Memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Robert Kennedy, October 1, 1963, box 13, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
2
Guthman and Shulman,
Robert Kennedy
, 217–18.

 
    
3
Ibid.

 
    
4
Ibid.

 
    
5
Memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Robert Kennedy, October 1, 1963, box 13, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Grofman,
Legacies
, 18.

 
    
6
Grofman, ibid.

 
    
7
Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 25, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
8
Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Anthony Lewis, November 29, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
9
ADA Legislative Newsletter, October 11, 1963, box 18, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; letter from Clarence Mitchell to Charles M. Mathias Jr., October 8, 1963, box 231, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress;
Chicago Tribune
, October 24, 1963, 3.

 
    
10
Rosenberg and Karabell,
Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice
, 176; Guthman and Shulman,
Robert Kennedy
, 209.

 
    
11
O’Brien,
No Final Victories
, 130.

 
    
12
Rosenberg and Karabell,
Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice
, 178.

 
    
13
Ibid., 181.

 
    
14
Andrew Biemiller interview with Sheldon Stern, May 24, 1979, John F. Kennedy Library; D. B. Hardeman interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 13, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Garrison Nelson, “Unraveling the Reinvention of Speaker John W. McCormack,”
New England Journal of Public Policy
XV (Fall/Winter 1999/2000), 7–34.

 
    
15
John W. McCormack interview with Raymond Wolfinger, April 4, 1967, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
16
John McCormack, ibid.; Katzenbach,
Some of It
, 126.

 
    
17
HR 7152, as amended by Subcommittee No. 5, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, October 15–16, 1963, 2653–86.

 
    
18
Statement by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy on HR 7152 before the House Judiciary Committee, October 15, 1963, box 97, series 8, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
19
Press Conference of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, October 15, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
20
HR 7152, 3697.

 
    
21
Ibid., 2762.

 
    
22
Chicago Daily Defender
, October 16, 1963, 3;
Los Angeles Sentinel
, October 17, 1963, A11; Loevy,
To End All Segregation
, 62; press release, October 21, 1963, box 170, American Jewish Congress Papers, American Jewish Congress Archives.

 
    
23
Chicago Tribune
, October 16, 1963, 14;
New York Times
, October 16, 1963, 1.

 
    
24
New York Times
, ibid.;
New York Times
, October 17, 1963, 1.

 
    
25
Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Anthony Lewis, November 29, 1964, Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
26
Guthman and Shulman,
Robert Kennedy
, 217; Katzenbach interview with Lewis.

 
    
27
New York Times
, October 18, 1963, 1.

 
    
28
Russo,
The Outfit,
23;
Time
, November 1, 1963, 23–24.

 
    
29
Time
, ibid.

 
    
30
Harvard Crimson
, October 22, 1963, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1963/10/22/lobbyists-press-for-civil-rights-bill/, accessed May 28, 1963.

 
    
31
Bess Dick interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1966, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
32
Ibid.

 
    
33
Minutes of Meeting No. 23, House Judiciary Committee, October 22, 1963, box 465, Emanuel Celler Papers, Library of Congress.

 
    
34
Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Anthony Lewis, November 29, 1964, Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
35
William McCulloch interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
36
Katzenbach,
Some of It
, 127.

 
    
37
McCulloch interview.

 
    
38
Rosenberg and Karabell,
Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice
, 199.

 
    
39
Norbert Schlei interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 2, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
40
Rosenberg and Karabell,
Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice
, 190; Scheele,
Charlie Halleck
, 217–18.

 
    
41
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 52.

 
    
42
Bradlee and Kennedy,
Conversations
, 218.

 
    
43
Press Conference, October 24, 1963. Civil Rights 1963–1964, Everett M. Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center.

 
    
44
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 53.

 
    
45
Don Edwards interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo: Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 53.

 
    
46
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 52–53.

 
    
47
O’Brien,
No Final Victories
, 148.

 
    
48
Robert Kimball, interview with the author, September 4, 2013.

 
    
49
Ibid.

 
    
50
Letter from Arnold Aronson and James Hamilton, October 7, 1963, box 1, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Library of Congress.

 
    
51
Nicholas Katzenbach interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 25, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
52
Kimball interview.

 
    
53
William Copenhaver interview with Raymond Wolfinger, August 23, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; William Edwards interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
54
James Byrnes interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 13, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
55
Time line by Raymond Wolfinger, n.d., box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
56
Robert Kastenmeier interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 23, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
57
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 63.

 
    
58
Katzenbach,
Some of It
, 128.

 
    
59
Ibid.

 
    
60
Ibid.; memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Emanuel Celler, October 28, 1963, box 13, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
61
Ben Zelenko, interview with the author, April 4, 2013.

 
    
62
Katzenbach,
Some of It
, 128; Zelenko interview.

 
    
63
New York Tim
es, October 30, 1963, 1;
Washington Post
, October 31, 1963, F2; statement, October 29, 1963, box 1, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress.

 
    
64
New York Times
, October 31, 1963, 1.

 
    
65
Dictabelt 28.a3, October 29, 1963, Presidential Recordings, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
66
Clarence Brown interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 24, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Albert Quie interview with Raymond Wolfinger, August 27, 1964, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library;
New Journal and Guide
, October 31, 1963, 8.

 
    
67
Sol Mosher interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 9, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Robert Ellsworth interview with Raymond Wolfinger, September 2, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.