The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act (53 page)

 
    
20
Statement by Senator Paul H. Douglas Prior to Vote on Final Passage of Civil Rights Bill, August 7, 1957, box 26, Joseph L. Rauh Jr. Papers, Library of Congress; transcript, Joseph Rauh Jr. oral history interview, August 8, 1969, by Paige Mulhollan, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

 
    
21
New York Times
, January 6, 1957, E6; Caro,
Lyndon Johnson: Master
, 993.

 
    
22
New Journal and Guide
, December 27, 1958;
Chicago Daily Defender
, January 15, 1959, 25.

 
    
23
Washington Post
, April 24, 1960, 73.

 
    
24
New York Times
, April 9, 1960, 1.

 
    
25
Notes on the 1963 Civil Rights Commission Report by Raymond Wolfinger, n.d., box 23, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Acts Papers, University Archives, State University of New York at Buffalo;
Washington Post
, September 7, 1959, A12.

 
    
26
Green Book, box 466, Emanuel Celler Papers, Library of Congress; House Rules Committee Hearing on HR 7152, part 1 of 2, January 14, 1964, 89.

 
    
27
Chicago Defender
, August 16, 1958, 9.

 
    
28
Cited by Rep. William T. Cahill, Hearings Before Subcommittee No. 5 of the House Judiciary Committee, May 8, 1963, 942.

 
    
29
Sugrue,
Sweet Land
, 163–69;
New York Times
, October 23, 1963, 1.

 
    
30
Sovern,
Legal Restraints
, 4–5; cited in Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Employment and Manpower of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, July 24, 25, 26, 29, 31 and August 2 and 20, 1963, 333–38.

 
    
31
Wilkins and Mathews,
Standing Fast
, 285.

 
    
32
Baltimore Afro-American
, April 4, 1959, 3.

 
    
33
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 32.

 
    
34
Los Angeles Times
, September 23, 1963, 1.

 
    
35
Cleveland Call and Post
, September 16, 1961, 2C.

 
    
36
Wilkins and Mathews,
Standing Fast
, 285.

 
    
37
Los Angeles Times
, July 16, 1960, 3.

 
    
38
New York Times
, July 16, 1960, 1.

 
    
39
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29602, accessed April 23, 2013.

 
    
40
October 7, 1960 Debate Transcript, the Commission on Presidential Debates, http://www.debates.org/index.php?page=october-7-1960-debate-transcript, accessed September 24, 2013; Freedman and Hoffman,
John F. Kennedy
, 87.

 
    
41
Wilkins and Mathews,
Standing Fast
, 227; Statement by Senator Joseph S. Clark and Representative Emanuel Celler Concerning the Democratic Party Civil Rights Legislation in 1961, September 16, 1960, box 462, Emanuel Celler Papers, Library of Congress.

 
    
42
Wilkins and Mathews,
Standing Fast
, 279.

 
    
43
Reeves,
President Kennedy
, 63; Joseph L. Rauh Jr. oral history interview by Charles T. Morrissey, December 23, 1965, John F. Kennedy Archives.

 
    
44
Interview with Harris Wofford, by Raymond Wolfinger, November 16, 1966, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Acts Papers, University Archives, State University of New York at Buffalo; interview with Lee White, by Milton Gwirtzman, May 26 and 28, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
45
New York Times
, February 4, 1963, 1.

 
    
46
Kane, “Senate Debate,” 40.

 
    
47
Caro,
Lyndon Johnson: Master
, 857.

 
    
48
New York Times
, January 16, 1963, 1;
New York Times
, February 4, 1963; Caro, ibid.

 
    
49
Washington Post
, February 8, 1963, A13.

 
    
50
Joseph L. Rauh to Francis Biddle, February 11, 1963, box 43, Papers of Joseph L. Rauh Jr., Library of Congress.

 
    
51
Guthman and Shulman,
Robert Kennedy
, 67.

 
    
52
Thurber,
Politics of Equality
, 66; Mann,
Walls of Jericho
, 98–99.

 
    
53
Mann,
Walls of Jericho
, 92; Humphrey,
Education
, 268.

 
    
54
Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 931; Guthman and Shulman,
Robert Kennedy
, 149, interview with Anthony Lewis.

 
    
55
Stern,
Calculating Visions
, 70.

 
    
56
Kennedy, Kennedy, and Kennedy,
Profiles
, 119.

 
    
57
Memo from Lee White to Ted Sorensen, November 13, 1961, box 30, Ted Sorensen Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
58
Bryant,
The Bystander
, 298–302;
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, May 15, 1962, 2.

 
    
59
Guthman and Shulman,
Robert Kennedy
, 149, interview with Anthony Lewis.

 
    
60
Burke Marshall, interview with Anthony Lewis, June 20, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library; Burke Marshall, interview with Anthony Lewis, June 13, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
61
Chicago Tribune
, February 1, 1961, 1.

 
    
62
Eleanor Clift, “Inside Kennedy’s Inauguration, 50 Years On,”
Daily Beast
, January 20, 2011.

 
    
63
Thompson,
Kennedy Presidency
, 89; Roy Wilkins Oral History Interview, by Berl I. Bernard, August 13, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
64
Ralph Dungan to John F. Kennedy, March 3, 1963, box 97, series 8, Presidential Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
65
Report of the Attorney General to the President on the Department of Justice Activities in the Field of Civil Rights, December 29, 1961, box 96, series 8, Presidential Office Files, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/eo-10925.html, accessed April 27, 2013.

 
    
66
Birnbaum, 1962, 19.

 
    
67
Shesol,
Mutual Contempt
, 83.

 
    
68
Memo from Nicholas Katzenbach to Lee White, October 20, 1961, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
69
Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 939.

 
    
70
Chicago Tribune
, July 13, 1951, 1.

 
    
71
Interview with Lee White, by Milton Gwirtzman, May 26 and 28, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
72
Wall Street Journal
, November 21, 1962, 18.

 
    
73
New York Times
, June 30, 2003, A1.

 
    
74
Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, 237.

 
    
75
New York Herald Tribune
, February 18, 1961, 8; Stern,
Calculating Visions
, 50–51;
Afro-American
, September 16, 1961, 6.

 
    
76
Chicago Defender
, December 30, 1961, 1; Navasky,
Kennedy Justice
, 25.

 
    
77
Bryant,
The Bystander
, 315; Navasky,
Kennedy Justice
, 205.

 
    
78
Burke Marshall to Clarence Mitchell, January 25, 1962, box 48, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, 88th Congress, Committee on the Judiciary, National Archives and Records Administration; address by Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall before the 53rd Annual Convention of the NAACP, Atlanta, Ga., July 2, 1962, box 10, Victor Navasky Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
79
President’s News Conference, August 1, 1962. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8799&st=&st1, accessed May 2, 2013.

 
    
80
Bryant,
The Bystander
, 323.

 
    
81
Eagles,
Price of Defiance
, 340–70.

 
    
82
Ibid.

 
    
83
Ibid.

 
    
84
Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 944; Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, 298.

 
    
85
Memo from Burke Marshall to Nicholas Katzenbach, October 30, 1962, box 8, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
86
Interview, Fred Sontag, with Raymond Wolfinger, August 30, 1965, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Robert Kimball, interview with the author, September 4, 2013.

 
    
87
Mann,
Walls of Jericho
, 341.

 
    
88
Letter from Joseph Clark, Paul Douglas, Hubert Humphrey, and Harrison Williams to John F. Kennedy, January 8, 1963, box 15, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; memo from Louis Martin to Ted Sorensen, January 30, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
89
Lee White interview with Milton Gwirtzman, May 26 and 28, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library;
Jet
, January 17, 1963, 6.

 
    
90
“A Report on the Progress in the Field of Civil Rights by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy to the President,” January 24, 1963, box 22, Lee White Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
91
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9138, accessed May 1, 2013.

 
    
92
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9581, accessed May 1, 2013.

 
    
93
Wilkins and Mathews,
Standing Fast
, 287;
Los Angeles Times
, March 9, 1963, 3; Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, 327.

 
    
94
Mann,
Walls of Jericho
, 342; Americans for Democratic Action Newsletter, April 8, 1963, box 17, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.