The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act (54 page)

 
    
95
Mann,
Walls of Jericho
, 343; Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, 328.

 
    
96
Joseph L. Rauh Jr. interview, Charles T. Morrissey, December 23, 1965, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
97
Martin Luther King Jr., “Fumbling on the New Frontier,”
Nation
, March 3, 1962, 191.

Chapter 2: “A National Movement to Enforce National Laws”

 
    
1
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 756–57.

 
    
2
Ibid.

 
    
3
McWhorter,
Carry Me Home
, 22.

 
    
4
Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, 263.

 
    
5
McWhorter,
Carry Me Home
, 316.

 
    
6
New York Times
, March 29, 1963, 1.

 
    
7
Robert F. Kennedy Press Conference, April 2, 1963, box 8, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library; Presidential News Conference, April 3, 1963. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/Press-Conferences/News-Conference-53.aspx, accessed May 4, 2013.

 
    
8
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 708 and 711.

 
    
9
New York Times
, April 13, 1963, 1; McWhorter,
Carry Me Home
, 348.

 
    
10
“Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union,” January 14, 1963, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9138#ixzz2fxWRSPj4, accessed September 25, 2013;
New York Times
, April 17, 1963, 1;
Chicago Tribune
, April 18, 1963, D3; “Letter to the Chairman in Response to a Report on Mississippi by the Civil Rights Commission,” April 19, 1963, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9155, accessed August 8, 2013.

 
    
11
Chicago Tribune
, April 25, 1963, 1; President’s News Conference, April 24, 1963, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9165, accessed May 10, 2013.

 
    
12
Memo from Burke Marshall to Robert F. Kennedy, April 23, 1963, box 8, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library;
Time
, April 19, 1963, 30–31.

 
    
13
New York Times
, May 4, 1963, 8;
New York Times
, May 7, 1963, 5.

 
    
14
New York Times
, May 8, 1963, 29.

 
    
15
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 772, 780.

 
    
16
New York Times
, May 9, 1963, 14;
New York Times
, May 7, 1963, 32;
New York Times
, May 15, 1963, 26;
Washington Post
, May 30, 1963, A7; Perlstein,
Before the Storm
, 207 and 213.

 
    
17
Tape 85, Americans for Democratic Action, May 4, 1963, John F. Kennedy Library, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-MTG-085-002.aspx, accessed May 6, 2013; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 959; Schlesinger,
Journals
, 189.

 
    
18
Schlesinger,
Journals
, 191;
Washington Post
, May 28, 1963, A19.

 
    
19
New York Times
, May 8, 1963, 1;
Los Angeles Times
, May 10, 1963, 14.

 
    
20
President’s News Conference, May 8, 1963, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/Press-Conferences/News-Conference-55.aspx, accessed May 5, 2013.

 
    
21
Los Angeles Times
, May 12, G1.

 
    
22
Tape 86, May 12, 1963, John F. Kennedy Library, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-MTG-086-002.aspx, accessed May 6, 2013.

 
    
23
Ibid.

 
    
24
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 796–800; “Radio and Television Remarks Following Renewal of Racial Strife in Birmingham,” May 12, 1963, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9206&st=&st1, accessed May 5, 2013.

 
    
25
Burke Marshall interview with Anthony Lewis, June 20, 1964, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
26
Lee White to Lawrence O’Brien, April 17, 1963, box 21, Lee White Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library; Bryant,
The Bystander
, 401.

 
    
27
McWhorter,
Carry Me Home
, 447.

 
    
28
Norbert Schlei interview with Raymond Wolfinger, August 27, 1965, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
29
New York Times
, May 19, 1963, 1;
Washington Post
, May 24, 1963, A6.

 
    
30
“Legislative Possibilities,” May 20, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library; Tape 88, Civil Rights Legislation, May 20, 1963, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-MTG-088-004.aspx, accessed September 25, 2013.

 
    
31
Grofman,
Legacies
, 13–14; Dichter, Cathcart, and Lindemann,
Employment Discrimination Law
, ix–xi.

 
    
32
“Legislative Possibilities,” May 20, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library; tape 88, Civil Rights Legislation, May 20, 1963, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-MTG-088-004.aspx, accessed September 25, 2013.

 
    
33
Tape 88, ibid.

 
    
34
Ibid.

 
    
35
Ibid.

 
    
36
Kenneth O’Donnell interview, Raymond Wolfinger, April 11, 1967, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
37
Ibid.

 
    
38
Baltimore
Sun
, May 22, 1963, 1; President’s Press Conference, May 22, 1963, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9233, accessed May 10, 2013.

 
    
39
Burke Marshall interview, Raymond Filvaroff, April 7 and 8, 1967, box 22, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 960.

 
    
40
Marshall interview.

 
    
41
Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, 345.

 
    
42
Ibid
.
, 331.

 
    
43
Ibid., 333.

 
    
44
Guthman,
Band of Brothers
, 220.

 
    
45
Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, 332.

 
    
46
Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 963.

 
    
47
Harry Belafonte interview with Vicki Daitch, May 20, 2005, John F. Kennedy Library; Guthman,
Band of Brothers
, 221.

 
    
48
Transcript, President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, May 29, 1963, box 11, Civil Rights, Vice Presidential Office Files, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

 
    
49
Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, 349.

 
    
50
Interview with George Reedy, Michael L. Gillette, October 27, 1982, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

 
    
51
Remarks of Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Memorial Day, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, May 30, 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/630530.asp, accessed May 6, 2013.

 
    
52
Ibid.

 
    
53
Dichter et al.,
Employment Discrimination Law
, viii; Norbert Schlei interview with John Stewart, February 20–21, 1968, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
54
Dichter et al.,
Employment Discrimination Law
, xi.

 
    
55
Agenda for civil rights meeting, June 1, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Office Files, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
56
White House Meeting, June 1, 1963, Tape 90, John F. Kennedy Library, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-MTG-090-003.aspx, accessed May 7, 2013.

 
    
57
Thompson,
Kennedy Presidency
, 92–93; Louis Martin interview, Ronald J. Grele, March 14, 1966, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
58
Ibid.

 
    
59
Caro,
Lyndon Johnson: Passage
, 258.

 
    
60
Transcript of phone call between Lyndon B. Johnson and Theodore Sorensen, June 3, 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

 
    
61
Memo for the Attorney General: Comments of the Vice President on the Civil Rights Legislation Proposals, box 1, General Papers, Robert F. Kennedy Papers, John F. Kennedy Library; Norbert Schlei interview with John Stewart, February 20–21, 1968, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
62
Memo from John F. Kennedy to Willard Wirtz and Anthony Celebrezze, June 4, 1963, box 30, Theodore Sorensen Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
63
Thompson,
Kennedy Presidency
, 94.

 
    
64
United States Decennial Census, U.S. Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html, accessed September 25, 2013;
New York Times
, June 1, 1963, 6.

 
    
65
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 814.

 
    
66
Time
, June 7, 1963, 17;
Chicago Daily Defender
, May 29, 1963, 1;
New York Times
, May 29, 1963, 1; Branch, ibid.

 
    
67
Time
, ibid.;
Time
, June 21, 1963, 17.

 
    
68
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 816–17.

 
    
69
New York Times
, May 30, 1963, 32;
Cleveland Call and Post
, June 8, 1963, 1c; memo from Robert F. Kennedy to District Attorneys, May 27, 1963, box 31, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
70
Morris Abram interview, Michael Gillette, March 20, 1984, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
71
“Record of Presidential Meetings with Leadership Groups,” n.d., box 23, Lee White Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.