The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act (52 page)

———
.
Journals, 1952–2000
. New York: Penguin, 2007.

Shesol, Jeff.
Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud That Defined a Decade
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997.

Small, William.
To Kill a Messenger: Television News and the Real World
. New York: Hastings House, 1970.

Sokol, Jason.
There Goes My Everything: White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights, 1945–1975
. New York: Vintage Books, 2007.

Sovern, Michael I.
Legal Restraints on Racial Discrimination
. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1966.

Stern, Mark.
Calculating Visions: Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights
. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992.

Stewart, John G. “Independence and Control: The Challenge of Senatorial Party Leadership.” Unpublished dissertation. University of Chicago, 1968.

———
. “The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Strategy.” In
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation
. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

———
. “The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Tactics I.” In
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation
. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

———
. “The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Tactics II.” In
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation
. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

———
. “The Senate and Civil Rights.” In
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation
. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

———
. “Thoughts on the Civil Rights Bill.” In
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation
. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

Sugrue, Thomas J.
Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North
. New York: Random House, 2008.

Sullivan, Patricia.
Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era
. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

———
.
Lift Every Voice: The NAACP and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement
. New York: New Press, 2010.

Thomas, Evan.
Robert Kennedy: His Life
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000.

Thompson, Kenneth W.
The Kennedy Presidency: 17 Intimate Perspectives of John F. Kennedy
. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1985.

Thurber, Timothy N.
The Politics of Equality: Hubert H. Humphrey and the African American Freedom Struggle
. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.

Valeo, Francis R.
Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976
. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1999.

Warren, Robert Penn.
Segregation: The Inner Conflict in the South
. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994.

Watson, Denton L.
Lion in the Lobby: Clarence Mitchell, Jr.’s Struggle for the Passage of Civil Rights Laws
. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2002.

Webb, Clive.
Fight Against Fear: Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights
. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003.

Whalen, Charles, and Barbara Whalen.
The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
. Cabin John, Md.: Seven Locks Press, 1985.

White, Theodore H.
The Making of the President 1964
. New York: HarperCollins, 2010.

White, William S.
The Professional: Lyndon B. Johnson
. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1964.

Wilkins, Roy, and Tom Mathews.
Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins
. New York: Da Capo Press, 1994.

Woods, Randall Bennett.
Fulbright: A Biography
. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Wright, Gavin.
Sharing the Prize: The Economics of the Civil Rights Revolution in the American South
. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013.

Journal Articles

Berg, Richard K. “Equal Employment Opportunity Under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.”
Brooklyn Law Review
31 (1964): 62–97.

———
. “Title VII: A Three-Years’ View.”
Notre Dame Law Review
44 (1969): 311–43.

Bird, Robert C. “More Than a Congressional Joke: A Fresh Look at the Legislative History of Sex Discrimination of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.”
William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law
3 (1997): 137–61.

Birnbaum, Owen. ‘‘Equal Employment Opportunity and Executive Order 10925.’’
Kansas Law Review
11, no. 1 (October 1962): 17–30.

Denning, Brannon P. “Book Review: ‘Civil Rights and Public Accommodations: The Heart of Atlanta Motel and McClung Cases’.”
Law Library Journal
94 (Winter 2002): 141–60.

Farhang, Sean. “The Political Development of Job Discrimination Litigation, 1963–1976.” JSP/  Center for the Study of Law and Society Faculty Working Papers, 2008. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pk6v8sk.

Fleming, Harold C. “The Federal Executive and Civil Rights: 1961–1965.”
Daedalus
94, no. 4 (October 1, 1965): 921–48.

Freeman, Jo. “How ‘Sex’ Got into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy.”
Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice
9, no. 2 (March 1991): 163–84.

Goluboff, Risa Lauren. “The Lost Promise of Civil Rights.”
Virginia Law Review
93 (June 4, 2007): 85–103.

Laville, Helen. “‘Women of Conscience’ or ‘Women of Conviction’? The National Women’s Committee on Civil Rights.”
Journal of American Studies
43, no. 2 (2009): 277–95.

Lytle, Clifford M. “The History of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964.”
The Journal of Negro History
51, no. 4 (October 1966): 275–96.

Osterman, Rachel. “Origins of a Myth: Why Courts, Scholars, and the Public Think Title VII’s Ban on Sex Discrimination Was an Accident.”
Yale Journal of Law and Feminism
20, no. 2 (2009): 409–40.

Pittman, R. Carter. “Equality Versus Liberty: The Eternal Conflict.”
American Bar Association Journal
46 (August 1960): 873–80.

Stevens, Arthur G., Jr., Arthur H. Miller, and Thomas E. Mann. “Mobilization of Liberal Strength in the House, 1955–1970: The Democratic Study Group.”
American Political Science Review
68, no. 2 (June 1974): 667–81.

Thompson, Llewellyn E. II. “The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Present at Its Birth.”
University of San Francisco Law Review
29 (Spring 1995): 681–84.

Government Documents

U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5. HR 405, 2999, 4031, and Similar Bills to Prohibit Discrimination in Employment in Certain Cases Because of Race, Religion, Color, National Origin, Ancestry, or Age. 88th Congress, 1st Session, 1963.

U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5. Miscellaneous Proposals Regarding the Civil Rights of Persons Within the Jurisdiction of the United States. 88th Congress, 1st Session, 1963.

U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on the Judiciary. HR 7152, as Amended by Subcommittee No. 5. 88th Congress, 1st Session, 1963.

U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on Rules. HR 7152, Part 1 of 2. 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964.

U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on Rules. HR 7152, Part 2 of 2. 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Employment and Manpower. S.773, S.1210, S.1211, and S.1937, Bills Relating to Equal Employment Opportunity. 88th Congress, 1st Session, 1963.

Notes

Introduction

 
    
1
Lawrence Journal World
, July 3, 1964, 2.

 
    
2
Reporter
, August 13, 1964, 44;
Time
, July 17, 1964, 39.

 
    
3
“Compliance with Title II: A Summary of Field Reports from Southern States,” box 27, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
4
Fite,
Richard B. Russell
, 415.

 
    
5
Martin Luther King Jr., “Hammer of Civil Rights,”
Nation
, March 9, 1964, http://www.thenation.com/article/157742/hammer-civil-rights#axzz2fqfOSRLD, accessed September 24, 2013.

Chapter 1: Bad Beginnings to a Big Year

 
    
1
Christian Science Monitor
, February 14, 1963, 6;
Cleveland Call and Post
, February 23, 1963, 1c;
New Journal and Guide
, February 16, 1963, B1.

 
    
2
New Journal and Guide
, ibid.

 
    
3
New Journal and Guide
, February 16, 1963, B1;
Jet
, February 28, 1963, 12–13.

 
    
4
Atlanta Daily World
, February 21, 1963, 2;
Jet
, ibid, 10.

 
    
5
Washington Post
, February 28, 1988, B10;
Chicago Defender
, January 5, 1964, 4.

 
    
6
Martin Luther King Jr., ‘‘A Bold  Guide for a New South,’’
Nation
, March 6, 1963, http://www.thenation.com/article/157763/archive-bold-design-new-south#axzz2fqfOSRLD, accessed September 24, 2013.

 
    
7
New York Amsterdam News
, May 19, 1962, 1; Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 686. To be fair, the president did issue an executive proclamation on December 17, 1962, to mark the centennial of Lincoln’s famous document. It noted that “Negro citizens are still being denied rights guaranteed by the Constitution” and proclaimed “that the Emancipation Proclamation expresses our Nation’s policy, founded on justice and morality, and that it is therefore fitting and proper to commemorate the centennial of the historic Emancipation Proclamation throughout the year 1963.” Proclamation 3511, Code of Federal Regulations of the United States.

 
    
8
Poinsett,
Walking with Presidents
, 110; Reeves,
President Kennedy
, 464.

 
    
9
Jet
, March 7, 1963, 12.

 
    
10
Ibid.

 
    
11
Berman,
Politics of Civil Rights
, 62; http://www.trumanlibrary.org/civilrights/srights1.htm, accessed April 20, 2013; http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=78208, accessed April 20, 2013.

 
    
12
Graham,
Civil Rights Era
, 19;
Atlanta Daily World
, April 4, 1950, 1.

 
    
13
Atlanta Daily World
, January 8, 1952, 1.

 
    
14
Gillon,
Politics and Vision
, 83.

 
    
15
Ibid., 84 and 101.

 
    
16
Interview with Frank Valeo by Donald Ritchie, September 18, 1985. Oral History Project, Senate Historical Office.

 
    
17
Graham,
Civil Rights and the Presidency
, 79.

 
    
18
Caro,
Lyndon Johnson: Master
, 914–15.

 
    
19
New York Times
, July 3, 1957, 10.