Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food (115 page)

20
Service,
A History of Twentieth-Century Russia
, p. 286.

21
Nove, ‘Soviet peasantry in World War II’, pp. 82–3.

22
In comparison women made up 40 per cent of the agricultural labour force in 1940. Erickson, ‘Soviet women at war’, p. 56; Barber and Harrison,
The Soviet Home Front
, p. 149.

23
Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, p. 382.

24
Volin,
A Century
, p. 288.

25
Ibid., p. 285.

26
Nove, ‘Soviet peasantry in World War II’, pp. 82–3.

27
Moskoff,
The Bread of Affliction
, p. 118.

28
Ibid., p. 126.

29
Braithwaite,
Moscow 1941
, pp. 123–4.

30
Volin,
A Century
, p. 285; Barber and Harrison,
The Soviet Home Front
, p. 102.

31
Dunn,
The Soviet Economy
, p. 43.

32
Linz, ‘World War II and Soviet economic growth’, p. 21; Barber and Harrison,
The Soviet Home Front
, p. 80.

33
Moskoff,
The Bread of Affliction
, p. 10.

34
Ibid.

35
Medvedev,
Soviet Agriculture
, p. 135.

36
Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 15, Case 305, p. 17.

37
Sakharov,
Memoirs
, p. 57.

38
Barber and Harrison,
The Soviet Home Front
, pp. 85–6.

39
Ibid., pp. 83–4.

40
14 October 1944, J. A. Alexander Papers 1892–1983, NLA, MS2389.

41
Nove, ‘Soviet peasantry in World War II’, p. 85.

42
Barber and Harrison,
The Soviet Home Front
, pp. 101, 178.

43
Tuyll,
Feeding the Bear
, p. 138.

44
Service,
A History of Twentieth-Century Russia
, p. 276.

11. Japan’s Journey towards Starvation

1
Talib, ‘Memory and its historical context’, p. 131.

2
Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, p. 91.

3
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, pp. 43, 87.

4
Ibid., p. 47; Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, p. 91.

5
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, pp. 42, 89, 160–62.

6
Morris-Suzuki,
Showa
, pp. 40–41.

7
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, pp. 129–30.

8
Ibid., p. 135.

9
Ibid., p. 169.

10
Ibid., pp. 140, 152; Cwiertka, ‘Popularizing a military diet’, pp. 7, 14–15; Cwiertka,
Modern Japanese Cuisine
, pp. 77, 129.

11
Onn,
Malaya Upside Down
, p. 175.

12
Milward,
War, Economy and Society
, pp. 258–9.

13
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 202.

14
Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, pp. 189–90.

15
Partner, ‘Daily life’, p. 154.

16
Dore,
Shinohata
, p. 54.

17
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, pp. 98–101.

18
Cook and Cook,
Japan at War
, p. 188.

19
Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 190.

20
Ibid., pp. 185, 191.

21
Lamer,
The World Fertilizer Economy
, pp. 547–54; Milward,
War, Economy and Society
, p. 277.

22
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 81.

23
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, p. 109.

24
Ibid., p. 126.

25
Dore,
Shinohata
, p. 54.

26
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, pp. 126–7.

27
Havens,
Valley of Darkness
, pp. 100–101.

28
Ibid.

29
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, p. 123.

30
Havens,
Valley of Darkness
, pp. 99–100.

31
Soviak,
Diary of Darkness
, p. 338.

32
Johnston states that rice yields fell by only 4 per cent but Martin, the more modern scholar, gives figures of total production in millions of metric tons of rice falling between 1939 and 1945 from 11.5 to 6.6, wheat from 1.7 to 0.9 and barley from 0.8 to 0.5. Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 192; Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, p. 128.

33
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, p. 137.

34
Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 9.

35
Ibid., p. 18.

36
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, pp. 135, 137.

37
Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, pp. 270–71.

38
Peattie, ‘
Nanshin
’, pp. 239–40.

39
Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 9.

40
Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 275.

41
Kheng, ‘Memory as history’, p. 32.

42
Akashi, ‘Japanese policy towards the Malayan Chinese’, pp. 66–7.

43
Ibid., pp. 67–9.

44
Kheng, ‘Memory as history’, p. 33; Duus, ‘Introduction. Japan’s wartime empire’, pp. xxv–vi.

45
Akashi, ‘Japanese policy towards the Malayan Chinese’, p. 71.

46
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 161.

47
Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, pp. 18, 22.

48
Kurasawa, ‘Transportation and rice distribution’, p. 33.

49
Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 22.

50
Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 280.

51
Kurasawa, ‘Transportation and rice distribution’, p. 33.

52
Ahmad, ‘The Malay community’, p. 70.

53
Ibid., p. 78.

54
Ibid., p. 73.

55
Ibid.

56
Ibid., pp. 48–9, 51.

57
Ibid., pp. 60–61.

58
Onn,
Malaya Upside Down
, p. 46.

59
Kratoska,
The Japanese Occupation
, pp. 265–6.

60
Onn,
Malaya Upside Down
, p. 44.

61
Ibid., p. 35.

62
Ibid., p. 44; Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 275.

63
Onn,
Malaya Upside Down
, pp. 35, 44; Kratoska, ‘Introduction’, p. 6.

64
Ahmad, ‘The Malay community’, p. 49.

65
Onn,
Malaya Upside Down
, pp. 48–9.

66
Harper,
The End of Empire
, p. 43.

67
Kratoska,
The Japanese Occupation
, p. 262.

68
Ibid., p. 255.

69
Onn,
Malaya Upside Down
, pp. 176–7.

70
Kratoska, ‘Malayan food shortages’, p. 109.

71
Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, p. 587.

72
Ibid., pp. 589–92.

73
Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 280.

74
Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, p. 607.

75
Ibid., p. 575.

76
Bose, ‘Starvation amidst plenty’, p. 724.

77
Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, p. 576.

78
Furuta, ‘A survey of village conditions’, p. 237.

79
Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, pp. 613–14.

80
Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 24.

81
Anh, ‘Japanese food policies’, p. 223.

82
Parillo,
The Japanese Merchant Marine
, p. 204.

83
Martin, ‘Japans Kriegswirtschaft’, pp. 261–2.

84
Martin,
Japan and Germany
, pp. 143–4.

85
Parillo,
The Japanese Merchant Marine
, pp. 9–10.

86
Ibid., p. 15.

87
Ibid., p. 166.

88
Ibid., pp. 88, 204.

89
Ibid., p. 111.

90
Jose, ‘Food production’, p. 75.

91
Kerkvliet, ‘Withdrawal and resistance’, p. 303.

92
Jose, ‘Food production’, pp. 75, 90.

93
Kerkvliet, ‘Withdrawal and resistance’, p. 311.

94
Ibid., p. 308.

95
Ibid., p. 313.

96
Ibid., p. 311.

97
Sato, ‘Oppression and romanticism’, p. 177.

98
Kurasawa, ‘Transportation and rice’, p. 34.

99
Reid, ‘Indonesia’, p. 20; Sato, ‘Oppression and romanticism’, p. 168.

100
Kennett,
G.I.
, p. 187.

101
Jessup, Changi Diary, NLA, MS 3924, p. 52.

102
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 160.

103
Jessup, Changi Diary, NLA, MS 3924, p. 35.

104
Ibid., p. 51.

105
Ibid., p. 54.

106
Ibid., p. 67.

107
Ibid., pp. 86, 91.

108
Teruko Blair, interviewed March 2006.

109
Shin’ichi,
Manchuria
, pp. 204–5.

110
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, p. 145.

111
Japanese Pamphlet No. 19, AWM 54 423/5/22 Air Dept. Wellington N.Z. Japanese Pamphlets.

112
Ibid.

113
Ibid.

114
Shin’ichi,
Manchuria
, p. 205.

115
Ibid.

12. China Divided

1
White and Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
, p. 72.

2
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 2.

3
Ibid., p. 295.

4
Mitter,
Modern China
, pp. 38–9.

5
Ibid., p. 44.

6
Ibid.

7
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, pp. 15–16.

8
Wang, ‘Urban life in China’s wars’, p. 95.

9
Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 158.

10
White and Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
, pp. 60–61.

11
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 275.

12
Shen, ‘Food production’, p. 168; MacKinnon, ‘Refugee flight’, p. 122.

13
Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 159.

14
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 295.

15
Ibid.

16
Ibid., pp. 256–7; Ellis,
The World War II Databook
, p. 229.

17
Shen, ‘Food production’, p. 176; Ven,
War and Nationalism
, pp. 260–61.

18
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, pp. 260, 268.

19
White and Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
, pp. 74–5.

20
Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies
, pp. 3, 89.

21
US Army Air Forces Statistical Digest, World War II, Table 211 – ATC Operations from Assam, India, to China (over the Hump): Jan 1943 to Aug 1945,
http://www.usaaf.net/digest/t211.htm
.

22
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 269.

23
Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 159.

24
Shen, ‘Food production’, p. 182.

25
Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, pp. 154–5.