Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food (116 page)

26
Ronning,
A Memoir
, p. 146.

27
Wang, ‘Urban life in China’s wars’, p. 104.

28
Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, pp. 155–6.

29
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 276.

30
White and Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
, p. 71.

31
Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 166.

32
Shen, ‘Food production’, pp. 187–8.

33
White and Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
, p. 74.

34
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 272.

35
White and Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
, pp. 73–4.

36
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 272.

37
Ibid., p. 278.

38
Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, pp. 173–4.

39
Eastman,
Seeds of Destruction
, p. 67; Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’,p. 167.

40
Ibid., p. 158.

41
Eastman,
Seeds of Destruction
, p. 68.

42
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 284.

43
White and Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
, pp. 166–7.

44
Rummel,
China’s Bloody Century
, p. 117.

45
Eastman,
Seeds of Destruction
, p. 69.

46
Xinran,
China Witness
, pp. 339–40.

47
White and Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
, p. 164.

48
Eastman,
Seeds of Destruction
, p. 69.

49
Rummel,
China’s Bloody Century
, p. 116.

50
Ibid., p. 113.

51
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 273.

52
Rummel,
China’s Bloody Century
, p. 113.

53
Ibid., p. 118.

54
Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, p. 174; White and Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
, p. 170.

55
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 17.

56
Smith,
The War’s Long Shadow
, p. 48.

57
White and Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
, p. 169.

58
Ch’en, ‘The communist movement’, p. 114; Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist movement’, p. 200.

59
Tiedemann, ‘Wartime guerrilla economy’, p. 18; Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist movement’, p. 200.

60
Levich,
The Kwangsi Way
, p. 227; Chen,
Making Revolution
, pp. 219–20.

61
Tiedemann, ‘Wartime guerrilla economy’, pp. 19–20.

62
Gatu,
Toward Revolution
, pp. 219–20.

63
Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, pp. 158–9.

64
Gatu,
Toward Revolution
, p. 217; Hongmin, ‘Traditional responses to modern war’, pp. 195–6.

65
Ibid., p. 196.

66
Ibid., pp. 197–8.

67
Xinran,
China Witness
, p. 245.

68
Hongmin, ‘Traditional responses to modern war’, p. 198.

69
Ibid., pp. 197, 199.

70
Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist movement’, p. 222.

71
Gatu,
Toward Revolution
, pp. 218–19.

72
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 283.

73
Eastman,
Seeds of Destruction
, p. 88.

74
Mitter,
Modern China
, p. 48.

75
Xinran,
China Witness
, p. 276.

76
Mitter,
Modern China
, p. 54.

77
Ibid., p. 48; Mitter,
Bitter Revolution
, p. 184.

78
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 296; Gordon, ‘The China–Japan war’, p. 162.

79
Ven,
War and Nationalism
, p. 296.

80
Ibid., p. 5.

81
Mitter,
Bitter Revolution
, p. 183.

82
Milward,
War, Economy and Society
, p. 289.

83
Magaeva, ‘Physiological and psychosomatic prerequisites for survival’, p. 131.

84
Ibid., pp. 141–2.

85
Ibid., p. 141.

86
Macintyre, ‘Famine and the female mortality advantage’, p. 254; Cherepenina, ‘Assessing the scale of famine and death’, p. 39.

87
Myron Winick, ‘Hunger disease: studies by the Jewish physicians in the Warsaw ghetto, their historical importance and their relevance today’, 27 October 2005,
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/epic/pdf/winick_lecture
, pp. 2–3; Fliederbaum, ‘Metabolic changes’, pp. 69–124; Apfelbaum, ‘Pathophysiology of the circulatory system’, pp. 125–60.

88
Brown et al., ‘Increased risk of affective disorders in males’, pp. 601–6.

89
Lumley, ‘Reproductive outcomes’, pp. 129–35.

90
Barker, ‘Fetal origins’, pp. 171–4.

91
Stanner et al., ‘Does malnutrition in utero determine diabetes?’, pp. 1342–9; Joseph and Kramer, ‘Review of the evidence’, pp. 158–74.

92
Duigan and Gann,
The Rebirth
, p. 2.

93
Hobsbawm,
Age of Extremes
, p. 290.

94
Short et al., ‘“The front line of freedom”’, p. 15.

95
Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 203.

96
Milward, ‘Long-term change in world agriculture’, p. 6.

97
Ibid., p. 12.

98
Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, p. 128.

PART III THE POLITICS OF FOOD

1
Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, p. 417.

2
Mayhew, ‘The 1930s nutrition controversy’, p. 447.

3
Overy,
Russia’s War
, p. 327; Hastings,
Das Reich
, pp. 2–3.

4
Crew, ‘General introduction’, p. 8.

5
Harris, ‘Great Britain’, p. 241.

6
Drea,
In the Service of the Emperor
, pp. 66–7.

7
Baer,
One Hundred Years
, p. 201.

8
Reynolds,
Rich Relations
, p. 86.

9
Ibid., p. 62.

10
Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, p. 42.

11
Cited in ibid., pp. 165–6.

12
Edgerton,
Warriors of the Rising Sun
, p. 235.

13
Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III,p. 151.

13. Japan – Starving for the Emperor

1
Cook and Cook,
Japan at War
, pp. 278–80.

2
Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, p. 331.

3
Morris,
Traveller from Tokyo
, p. 121.

4
Research Report No. 122, ‘Antagonism between officers and men in the Japanese armed forces’, AWM 55 12/94, p. 6.

5
Drea,
In the Service of the Emperor
, p. 72.

6
Harries and Harries,
Soldiers of the Sun
, p. 351.

7
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 285.

8
Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III, p. 151.

9
Cwiertka, ‘Popularizing a military diet in wartime Japan and postwar Japan’, IIAS Newsletter, 38,
http://www.iias.nl/iias/show/id=51553
, p. 10.

10
Cwiertka,
Modern Japanese Cuisine
, p. 77.

11
Ibid., pp. 78–9; Cwiertka, ‘Popularizing a military diet in wartime Japan and postwar Japan’, IIAS Newsletter, 38,
http://www.iias.nl/iias/show/id=51553
, pp. 8–10.

12
Ibid., p. 11.

13
Cwiertka,
Modern Japanese Cuisine
, p. 81.

14
Ibid., p. 84.

15
Ibid.; Cwiertka, ‘Popularizing a military diet in wartime Japan and postwar Japan’, IIAS Newsletter, 38,
http://www.iias.nl/iias/show/id=51553
p. 13.

16
Ibid., p. 16.

17
Ibid., p. 19.

18
Cwiertka,
Modern Japanese Cuisine
, pp. 117, 119.

19
Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 222.

20
Tomita,
Dear Miye
, p. 56.

21
Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 222; Cwiertka,
Modern Japanese Cuisine
, p. 130.

22
Tomita,
Dear Miye
, p. 97.

23
Ibid., p. 113.

24
Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 237.

25
Morris,
Traveller from Tokyo
, p. 123.

26
Author in conversation with Katarzyna Cwiertka.

27
Morris,
Traveller from Tokyo
, pp. 121–2.

28
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, p. 150.

29
Ibid., p. 151.

30
Senoh,
A Boy Called H
, p. 170.

31
Havens,
Valley of Darkness
, p. 77; Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 240.

32
Ibid., p. 231.

33
Havens,
Valley of Darkness
, p. 86; Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 197.

34
Cwiertka,
Modern Japanese Cuisine
, p. 82.

35
Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 193.

36
Milward,
War, Economy and Society
, p. 288.

37
Katarzyna Cwiertka, ‘Feeding the troops in the Pacific and the Korean War’, talk given to the East Asian Studies seminar, Cambridge, 10 November 2008.

38
Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, p. 168.

39
Ibid.

40
Ibid., p. 17; Reynolds,
Rich Relations
, p. 63.

41
Harries and Harries,
Soldiers of the Sun
, p. 286.

42
Drea,
In the Service of the Emperor
, p. 65; Calvocoressi and Wint,
Total War
, pp. 270–73.

43
Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, pp. 165–6.

44
Ibid., p. 166.

45
Calvocoressi and Wint,
Total War
, p. 727.

46
Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, p. 166.

47
Tamayama and Nunneley,
Tales by Japanese Soldiers
, pp. 37–8.

48
Ibid., pp. 29–30.

49
Ibid., p. 60.

50
Ibid., p. 108.

51
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 14.

52
Onn,
Malaya Upside Down
, p. 47.

53
Cook and Cook,
Japan at War
, p. 100.

54
Tamayama and Nunneley,
Tales by Japanese Soldiers
, pp. 101–2.

55
Drea,
In the Service of the Emperor
, p. 35.

56
‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 1.

57
Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, p. 145.

58
Keegan,
The Second World War
, p. 104.

59
(1.1 million tons) between December 1941 and April 1943. Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, pp. 140–41.

60
Ibid., p. 152.

61
Ibid., p. 192.

62
Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, pp. 226–7.

63
Senoh,
A Boy Called H
, p. 290.