Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food (117 page)

64
Japanese Pamphlet no. 9, AWM 54 423/5/22 Air Dept. Wellington N.Z. Japanese Pamphlets, p. 7.

65
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, p. 162.

66
Morris-Suzuki,
Showa
, p. 161.

67
Cook and Cook,
Japan at War
, pp. 177–8.

68
Ibid., pp. 179–80.

69
Ibid., p. 180.

70
Morris-Suzuki,
Showa
, pp. 161–2.

71
Havens,
Valley of Darkness
, p. 94.

72
Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 227.

73
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 115.

74
Ibid., p. 170.

75
Ibid., p. 143.

76
Japanese Pamphlet no. 9, AWM 54 423/5/22 Air Dept. Wellington N.Z. Japanese Pamphlets.

77
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 170.

78
‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 2.

79
Japanese Pamphlet no. 27, 30 December 1943, Air Dept. Wellington N.Z., AWM 54 423/5/22.

80
‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 5.

81
Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, p. 167.

82
‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 8.

83
Japanese Pamphlet no. 27, 30 December 1943, Air Dept. Wellington N.Z., AWM 54 423/5/22.

84
Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III, pp. 153–4.

85
‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 5.

86
Japanese Pamphlet no. 27, 30 December 1943, Air Dept. Wellington N.Z., AWM 54 423/5/22.

87
‘Ration supply and ration scale of Japanese land forces in SWPA’, 6 Feb 1944, AWM 55 12/47 (69), p. 34.

88
Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, pp. 151–2.

89
Harries and Harries,
Soldiers of the Sun
, p. 340.

90
Ibid., p. 341.

91
Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III, pp. 141–2.

92
Harries and Harries,
Soldiers of the Sun
, p. 341.

93
Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III, pp. 145–6.

94
Harries and Harries,
Soldiers of the Sun
, p. 342. The Japanese routinely underestimated the numbers of Japanese soldiers killed in combat. Harries and Harries suggest that the Japanese lost 25,000 men on Guadalcanal, 10,000 of whom succumbed to disease and starvation. Most probably 40,000 Japanese soldiers were sent to Guadalcanal and somewhere close to one half of those 25,000 who died starved to death, or about 12,500.

95
Imamura, ‘Extracts from the tenor of my life’, NLA, mfm PMB 569, III, p. 151.

96
Beaumont, ‘Australia’s war: Asia and the Pacific’, p. 38.

97
Ibid.

98
Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, p. 204.

99
Ibid., p. 171.

100
Harries and Harries,
Soldiers of the Sun
, p. 343.

101
Dornan,
The Silent Men
, p. 146.

102
Harries and Harries,
Soldiers of the Sun
, p. 343.

103
Bullard, ‘“The great enemy”’, pp. 215–16.

104
Ibid., p. 212.

105
Drea,
In the Service of the Emperor
, p. 70.

106
Bullard, ‘“The great enemy”’, p. 215.

107
Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, p. 150.

108
Ibid., p. 178.

109
Thune, ‘The making of history’, p. 241.

110
Tanaka cited by Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, pp. 149, 179.

111
Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, pp. 166–7.

112
Nelson, ‘
Taim Bilong Pait
’, pp. 253–4.

113
Ibid., p. 256; Denoon,
The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders
, p. 316.

114
Japanese Pamphlet no. 27, 30 December 1943, Air Dept. Wellington N.Z., AWM 54 423/5/22.

115
Research Report No. 122, ‘Antagonism between officers and men in the Japanese armed forces’, AWM 55 12/94, p. 4.

116
Ibid.

117
Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, pp. 185–6.

118
Ibid., p. 181.

119
Ibid., p. 214.

120
Tanaka,
Hidden Horrors
, p. 115.

121
Ibid. p. 116.

122
Keegan,
The
Second World War
, p. 303.

123
Laurence and Tiddy,
From Bully Beef
, p. 43.

124
Falgout, ‘From passive pawns’, pp. 287–8.

125
McQuarrie,
Strategic Atolls
, pp. 135, 139; McQuarrie,
Conflict in Kiribati
, pp. 89–91.

126
McQuarrie,
Strategic Atolls
, p. 131.

127
Cook and Cook,
Japan at War
, p. 114.

128
Ibid., p. 116.

129
Ibid., p. 117.

130
Ibid., p. 119.

131
Gibney,
Senso
, pp. 156–7.

132
Ooka,
Fires on the Plain
, p. 179.

133
Harries and Harries,
Soldiers of the Sun
, p. 346.

134
Thompson,
The Lifeblood of War
, pp. 80–81; Richmond,
The Japanese Forces in New Guinea
, p. 17.

135
Allen,
Burma
, pp. 158–67.

136
Harries and Harries,
Soldiers of the Sun
, p. 347; Thompson,
The Lifeblood of War
, p. 92.

137
Tamayama and Nunneley,
Tales by Japanese Soldiers
, p. 158.

138
Ibid., p. 170.

139
Ibid., p. 175.

140
Thompson,
The Lifeblood of War
, p. 93.

141
Moharir,
History of the Army Service Corps
, p. 46.

142
Tamayama and Nunneley,
Tales by Japanese Soldiers
, p. 176.

143
Thompson,
The Lifeblood of War
, p. 95.

144
Ibid., p. 87.

145
Tamayama and Nunneley,
Tales by Japanese Soldiers
, p. 177.

146
Allen,
Burma
, p. 292.

147
Tamayama and Nunneley,
Tales by Japanese Soldiers
, pp. 174–8.

148
Ibid., p. 202.

149
Ibid., p. 229.

150
Cook and Cook,
Japan at War
, p. 104.

151
Hastings,
Nemesis
, p. 358.

152
Moharir,
History of the Army Service Corps
, p. 49.

153
Fujiwara,
Uejini shita eireitachi
, pp. 135–8.

154
Tanaka,
Hidden Horrors
, pp. 133–4.

155
Soviak,
Diary of Darkness
, p. 28.

156
Ibid., p. 282.

157
Ibid., p. 156.

158
Ibid., p. 145.

159
Ibid., p. 156.

160
Ibid., p. 207.

161
Ibid., p. 213.

162
Cwiertka,
Modern Japanese Cuisine
, p. 132.

163
Ibid.

164
Senoh,
A Boy Called H
, p. 302.

165
Matsumoto Nakako, interviewed May 2006.

166
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 261.

167
Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 230.

168
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 171.

169
Ibid., pp. 174, 180.

170
Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 197.

171
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 236.

172
Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, pp. 90, 95.

173
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 81.

174
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 215.

175
Havens,
Valley of Darkness
, p. 103.

176
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 256.

177
Senoh,
A Boy Called H
, p. 402.

178
Cook and Cook,
Japan at War
, p. 192.

179
Ibid., p. 190.

180
Ibid., p. 191.

181
Ibid.

182
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, pp. 294, 320.

183
Ibid., p. 326.

184
Havens,
Valley of Darkness
, p. 129.

185
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 329.

186
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 77.

187
Ibid., pp. 149, 156–7.

188
Parillo,
The Japanese Merchant Marine
, p. 204.

189
Martin, ‘Japans Kriegswirtschaft’, p. 271.

190
Gibney,
Senso
, p. 181.

191
Ibid.

192
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 81.

193
Pauer, ‘Neighbourhood associations’, p. 227.

194
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, p. 150.

195
Parillo,
The Japanese Merchant Marine
, pp. 219–20; Frank,
Downfall
, pp. 80–81, 96.

196
Havens,
Valley of Darkness
, pp. 129–30.

197
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, p. 202; Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, p. 91.

198
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 354.

199
Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, p. 92; Honda, ‘Differential structure’, p. 281.

200
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 343.

201
Soviak,
A Diary of Darkness
, p. 215.

202
Ibid., p. 247.

203
Newman,
Truman
, p. 13.

204
Frank,
Downfall
, pp. 26–7.

205
Newman,
Truman
, pp. 71–3.

206
Ibid., p. 43.

207
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 345.

208
Ibid., p. 351; Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, pp. 95–6.

209
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 352.

210
Newman,
Truman
, p. 37.

211
Ibid., p. 43.

212
Frank,
Downfall
, pp. 188–9.

213
Senoh,
A Boy Called H
, p. 395.

214
Newman,
Truman
, pp. 186–7.

215
Ibid., pp. 3, 186; Frank,
Downfall
, pp. 123, 163.

216
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 71.

217
Higa,
The Girl with the White Flag
, p. 71.

218
Frank,
Downfall
, p. 72.

219
Newman,
Truman
, pp. 25–6.

220
Ibid., p. 17.

221
Ibid., p. 19.

222
Ibid., p. 105; Frank,
Downfall
, pp. 271–2.