Parting the Waters (185 page)

“lose the next election”: Int. Joseph Rauh, Oct. 17, 1983.

“Call on Roy”: Ibid.

“
will
be a march”: Allen interview of John Lewis, Aug. 8, 1969, AAP.

“all have our problems”: Ibid.

“Negroes Inform Kennedy”: NYT, June 23, 1963, p. 1.

“That little baby”: Gentile,
March
, p. 39.

South Lawn by helicopter: Lee White, third interview, May 28, 1964, JFKOH.

McGeorge Bundy defended: NYT, June 17, 1963, p. 1.

Kennedy told his staff: Sorensen,
Kennedy
, pp. 503, 579.

hailed his motorcade: NYT, June 26, p. 1, and June 27, 1963, p. 1.

thrilled Kennedy: Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, pp. 808-9.

“never have another day”: Sorensen,
Kennedy
, p. 601.

postponed once: MC, May 25, p. 1, and June 22, 1963, p. 1.

“bunch of Uncle Toms”: Detroit
News
, June 25, 1963, pp. 1, 4.

“graceful withdrawal”: Diggs to King, June 27, 1963, A/KP24f26.

“you'll see no dogs”: Detroit
News
, June 24, 1963, pp. 1, 2, 19-20.

VJ-Day-style stories: Ibid. Also MC, June 29, 1963, p. 1.

“largest and greatest demonstration” to “I have a dream”: “The Great March to Freedom,” Gordy Records #906, distributed by Motown.

King felt the blade: Meeting of June 24, 1963, from int. Jack O'Dell, July 1, 1986, Clarence Jones, Oct. 25, 1983, and Aug. 18, 1986, and Harry Belafonte, March 6-7, 1985.

Twenty-two
THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON

“Look, Bayard” to “Okay, Roy”: Int. Bayard Rustin, Nov. 28, 1983.

at New York's Roosevelt Hotel: July 2 meeting from ibid. Also int. Cleveland Robinson, Oct. 28, 1983; Allen interview of John Lewis, Sept. 23, 1969, AAP; Norman Hill, CRDPOH; NYT, July 3, 1963, p. 10;
Jet
, July 18, 1963, pp. 16-20; Lewis,
King
, p. 215; Wilkins,
Standing Fast
, p. 292; Forman,
The Making
, p. 332; Garrow,
Bearing
, pp. 276-77.

fifty-fourth annual convention:
The Crisis
, August—September 1963, pp. 389-400; Chicago
Sun-Times
, July 5, 1963, p. 4; CD, July 6, 1963, p. 1; NYT, July 5, p. 1, and July 6, 1963, p. 1; BW, July 10, 1963, p. 1;
Newsweek
, July 15, 1963, p. 20;
Jet
, July 25, 1963, pp. 50—51; Meredith,
Three Years
, pp. 310-19.

Wilkins told viewers: “For Freedom Now,” NET interview aired July 22, 1963, A/KS4. By King's log, the show was taped in New York on July 12, A/SC29.

“a few human hearts”: Farmer,
Lay Bare
, p. 216.

battered stucco building: Gentile,
March
, pp. 47-56.

Organizing Manual No. 1
: Gentile,
March
, p. 56; NYT, July 25, 1963, p. 11.

sent word to O'Dell: Int. Jack O'Dell, July 1, 1986.

“Pays O'Dell Despite”: BN, June 30, 1963, p. 1.

learned from Burke Marshall: Garrow,
FBI
, p. 63.

Kennedy's most favored reporters: Int. Edwin Guthman, June 25, 1984. Free was Washington correspondent for BN.

letter of dismissal: King to O'Dell, July 3, 1963, A/KP18f38, with a copy to Marshall: Dora McDonald to Marshall with enclosure, July 3, 1963, A/KP24f20; O'Dell to King, July 12, 1963, A/KP18f39.

join the staff of
Freedomways
: Int. Jack O'Dell, July 1, 1986. His first article, “The Negro People in the Southern Economy,” appeared in the Fall 1963 issue, pp. 526-48.

still down in Ecuador: The Levisons discussed the vacation on the telephone, as picked up regularly by the FBI wiretaps, e.g., FLNY-9-236a, from July 22, 1963.

President Carlos Arosemena: NYT, July 12, 1963, p. 1.

or so it was told: John Rothchild,
Latin America: Yesterday and Today
(Bantam Books, 1978), p. 283.

Courthouse in New Orleans: Garrow,
FBI
, p. 62; int. Roger Wilkins, Dec. 7, 1983.

deeply planted KGB agent: NYT, Feb. 10, 1962, p. 1.

If Stalin had invented: Int. Harry Wachtel, Oct. 27, 1983, and Harry Belafonte, March 6-7, 1985.

tactical compromise: Int. Clarence Jones, Aug. 18, 1986.

King sent Clarence: Evans to Belmont, July 16, 1963, FBI #100-3-116-41; U.S. Senate (Church Committee), Report No. 94-755, Book III, pp. 100—1; Garrow,
FBI
, p. 63; int. Clarence Jones, Oct. 25-26, 1983, and Burke Marshall, June 27, 1984.

“Barnett Charges”: NYT, July 13, 1963, p. 1; also WS, July 12, 1963, p. 1; WP, July 13, 1963, p. 1.

Wallace introduced: NYT, July 16, 1963, p. 1; Baumgardner to Sullivan, July 16, 1963, FK-NR.

Just that morning: Evans to Belmont, July 16, 1963, FK-166.

Bureau had met the deadline: Jones to DeLoach, July 16, 1963, FK-164, based partly on Bland to Sullivan, July 13, 1963, FK-160.

suspicious character: Robert Kennedy, JFKOH; Bland to Sullivan, July 17, 1963, FJ-18.

did he tell Marshall: Int. Burke Marshall, June 27, 1984.

“I told the AG”: Evans to Belmont, July 16, 1963, FBI #100-3-116, serial 41.

Hoover's formal requests: Hoover to RFK, July 22, 1963, FJ-NR (on Jones); Hoover to RFK, July 23, 1963, FK-165 (on King). The key backup documents for the wiretap requests are two memos from Baumgardner to Sullivan, July 22, 1963, FJ-21 and FK-168.

only preliminary assurance: Director to SAC Atlanta, July 26, 1963, FK-169, notes that Atlanta's final feasibility report was sent on July 24.

“few remaining Communists”: NYT, July 18, 1963, pp. 1, 8.

“The Negro in America”:
Newsweek
, July 29, 1963, which reached newsstands on July 22, just as the wiretap requests were making their way to RFK.

Kennedy released a letter: NYT, July 26, 1963, p. 1.

returned from Ecuador: Wiretap, July 22, 1963, FLNY-9-236a.

Mayor Ivan Allen: AJ, July 26, 1963, p. 1; Allen,
Mayor
, pp. 104—15.

chuckling over the irony: Wiretap, July 24, 1963, FLNY-9-238a.

“Onetime Communist”: AC, July 25, 1963, p. 1.

issued a public statement: Statement of July 25, 1963, A/KS4.

held a press conference: AC, July 26, 1963, p. 1; AJ, July 26, 1963, p. 4; NYT, July 27, 1963, p. 8.

attack by Eugene Cook: Cook telegram to King, Aug. 1, 1963, A/KP11f34.

“to my certain knowledge”: Cook to Walker, Aug. 15, 1963, answered by Walker Aug. 16, 1963, A/KP18f39; AC, Aug. 16, 1963, p. 3.

“the treaty”: Wiretap, July 28, 1963, FLNY-9-242a.

“All staff members”: King memo, July 26, 1963, A/KP34f4.

“Oh, now I see”: Wiretap, July 28, 1963, FLNY-9-242a.

Levison resolved to withdraw: Schlesinger Jr.,
Robert Kennedy
, p. 385; int. Harry Belafonte, March 6-7, 1985, and Clarence Jones, Oct. 25, 1983.

only one short-term project: Wiretap, Sept. 21, 1963, FLNY-9-297a, and Oct. 8, 1963, FLNY-7-610a.

“upset if you did”: Garrow,
FBI
, p. 70.

first fruits: SAC New York to Hoover, Aug. 5, 1963, FJNY-84.

“well-appointed home”: C. King,
My Life
, p. 240; Garrow,
Bearing
, pp. 280-81.

writer named Al Duckett: An FBI log of King's August meetings with Duckett was prepared Sept. 24, 1963, FJ-104. References to Duckett are scattered thinly in King's papers, generally in connection with the promotion of celebrity fund-raising events.

lowered his personal barriers: Int. Clarence Jones, Nov. 22 and 25, 1983, and Aug. 18, 1986.

“If the rumors are true”: Ibid.

King's talk of sex: Garrow,
FBI
, p. 67.

Katzenbach on August 13: Hoover to Katzenbach, Aug. 13, 1963, FK-180.

“thought you would be interested”: RFK to JFK, Aug. 20, 1963, Box 2, Marshall Papers, JFK.

“your boy Burke”: SAC New York to Director, Aug. 11, 1963, FK189.

“one little brother”: Ibid.

confidential memorandum: Hoover to RFK, Aug. 12, 1963, FK-178.

more than a dozen: Garrow,
FBI
, p. 250 (note 101).

Thurmond rose:
Congressional Record
, Aug. 13, 1963, pp. S14836ff. Thurmond had made previous speeches against Rustin and the march, but none so personal:
Congressional Record
, Aug. 2, 1963, pp. 13968ff, and Aug. 7, 1963, pp. S14455ff.

“taking the active part”: SAC Los Angeles to Director, Aug. 15, 1963, FR-NR.

into November: E.g., [deleted] to SAC Los Angeles, Nov. 20, 1963, FR-NR.

“this is inconclusive”: Marshall to RFK, Aug. 7, 1963, Box 3, Marshall Papers, JFK.

“Your former choir boy”: Niebuhr to Scarlett, Nov. 11, 1963, Box 33, RN.

“Going Lily White?”: CD, Aug. 10, 1963.

“the Goldwater surge”: Letterhead Memorandum of Oct. 30, 1963, FJ-NR.

Niebuhr and King never became friends: There is no available record that Niebuhr and King ever met. King's friend Thomas Kilgore, who was a student of Niebuhr's during the 1950s, says that he often heard King speak of Niebuhr's ideas but never of Niebuhr personally. (Int. Rev. Thomas Kilgore, Feb. 11, 1988.) One possible explanation for the lack of initiative on King's part is that Niebuhr had refused King's written request, just after the Montgomery bus boycott, to sign a statement urging President Eisenhower to meet with a delegation of preachers from King's newly formed organization. In a private letter, Niebuhr explained his refusal to Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter, saying, “I was advised that such a pressure would do more harm than good.” (Niebuhr to Frankfurter, Feb. 8, 1957, Box 86, Felix Frankfurter Papers, Library of Congress.)

“I called up Albert Thomas”: White House meeting of July 9, 1963, Audiotape 96.6, JFK.

Johnson's enthusiasm: E.g., NYT, Nov. 1, 1963, p. 1.

tour of Scandinavia: NYT, Aug. 5, 1963.

announced on August 1: NYT, Aug. 2, 1963, pp. 1, 10.

Chicago police arrested: Gentile,
March
, pp. 103—7.

authorities in Gadsden: NYT, Aug. 4, 1963, p. 1.

abolish the resolutions: NYT, July 23, 1963, p. 1; also two antecedent stories, July 15, 1963, p. 1.

In Americus: Whitehead,
Attack
, p. 136; Forman,
The Making
, pp. 338-44; Abram,
Day
, pp. 139—40; NYT, Aug. 14, p. 21, Sept. 28, p. 22, Sept. 29, p. 80, Sept. 30, p. 28, Oct. 18, p. 64, Oct. 22, p. 31, Oct. 31, p. 23, Nov. 1, p. 19, Nov. 2, p. 1, Nov. 27, p. 27, and Dec. 8, 1963, p. 54.

“Albany Nine”: Generally from case files in possession of C. B. King. Also int. Burke Marshall, Sept. 26, 1984, S. B. Wells, July 9, 1985, C. B. King, July 10, 1985, Marion Cheek, July 11, 1985, and Charles Sherrod, Jan. 23, 1986;
Upside-Down Justice: The Albany Cases
, a pamphlet published by the National Committee for the Albany Defendants, M. L. King, Jr., chairman; Navasky,
Justice
, pp. 121-23; Gentile,
March
, pp. 117-18; FBI #157-6-2, serials 1100-1350.

Elizabeth Holtzman: WP, Oct. 27, 1987, p. D1.

Katzenbach told reporters: NYT, Aug. 10, 1963, p. 1.

Star
congratulated: WS, Aug. 14, 1963.

hospital from Loveman's: NYT, Aug. 16, 1963, p. 8.

demolished the entrance: BW, Aug. 24, 1963, p. 1;
Jet
, Sept. 5, 1963, pp. 6-7.

he eventually escaped: Meier and Rudwick,
CORE
, pp. 221-22; Farmer,
Lay Bare
, pp. 244-54.

closest friend in SNCC: Int. John Lewis, May 31, 1984.

into a tanning chair: Allen interviews of Rachelle Horowitz, Nov. 8, 1968, and John Lewis, Sept. 23, 1969, AAP.

“‘which side is the Federal”: Schlesinger Jr.,
Robert Kennedy
, p. 377; Garrow,
Bearing
, pp. 281-82.

“I'm hounding you”: Wiretap, Aug. 21, 1963, FLNY-9-266.

speech in Chicago: CD, Aug. 24-30, 1963, p. 1; Tape 9, SHSW/SP.

Lawrence Spivak spoke: “Meet the Press” transcript for program of Aug. 25, 1963.