When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals (41 page)

Among Primates. 152 De Waal, Peacemaking Among Primates, p. 5.

Chapter 8: Compassion, Rescue, and the Altruism Debate

154 "One evening . . ." Ralph Heifer, The Beauty of the Beasts: Tales of Hollywood's Animal Stars (Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher, 1990), pp. 109-10. Also interview by Susan McCarthy, November 11, 1993.

155 "In Aberdare National Park . . ." Esmond and Chrysse Bradley Martin, Run Rhino Run (London: Chatto and Windus, 1982), p. 28.

155 "Young white oryx ..." Clark, High Hills and Wild Goats, p. 198.

156 "A mother Thomson's . . ." Kruuk, Spotted Hyena, p. 193. 156 "Thus a researcher . . ." Moss, Portraits in the Wild, p. 72.

156 "When a group . . ."Jane Goodall, PF/f^ Low (Ridgefield, CT: Jane Good-all Institute, 1994). 156 "Zebras energetically . . ." Moss, Portraits in the Wild, pp. 111-12. 156 "African buffalo . . ." Cited in Schaller, Serengeti Lion, p. 262.

.VOTES

156 Bales, Saturaltst on the River A?nazom, pp. 251-52.

157 "Consider the following . . ." Herbert Friedmann, "The Instinctive Emotional Life of Birds," Psychoanalytic Review 21 (1934), p. 255. The author, who was the curator of birds at the Smithsonian, delivered this lecture to the Washington Society for Nervous and Mental Diseases. Not only did the author consider the birds too lowly evolved to have compassion, but men were so highly evolved that when they hunted these parrots, "the satisfaction in inflicting cruelty may be fundamentally similar to the pleasure in other forms ol endeavor and achievement" (p. 257).

158 Macdonald, Running with the Fox, p. 220.

158 "Tatu, a dwarf . . ." Rasa, Mongoose Watch, pp. 257-58.

159 "In a case of . . ." Gorilla: Joiatial of the Go7-illa Foundation 15 (June 1992), No. 2, p. 8.

159 "Male elephants . . ." Chadwick, Fate of the Elephant, p. 94.

159 "An adult pilot whale . . ." Richard C. Connor and Kenneth S. Norris, "Are Dolphins Reciprocal Altruists?" The American Naturalist 119, No. 3 (March 1982), p. 363.

160 "Shooting lions . . ." Schaller, Serengeti Lion, pp. 25-26.

160 Ralph Dennard, interview by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson and Susan McCarthy, September 24, 1993.

160 "One family got . . ." Cindy Ott-Bales, interview by Susan McCarthy, September 30, 1993. The baby suffered no ill effects from his single choking episode. Gilly, a Border collie, is trained to notify Ms. Ott-Bales's husband of doorbells and so on.

161 "Another signal dog . . ." Paul Ogden, Chelsea: The Story of a Signal Dog (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1992), p. 145.

161 Kearton, 1925, cited in Yerkes and Yerkes, The Great Apes, p. 298.

161 "An adult wild chimpanzee . . ." Goodall, With Love.

161 "It has already been . . ." Terrace, Nim, pp. S6-S1.

162 ". . . thirty-sixth word . . ." Ibid., 406.

162 "In one grim . . ." Jules H. Masserman, Stanley Wechkin, and William Terris, " 'Altruistic' Behavior in Rhesus Monkeys," American Journal of Psychiatry 121 (1964), pp. 584-85.

163 Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (New York and Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 14.

163 ". . . Dawkins specifies that he uses the term . . ." Ibid., p. 4. 163 "An example of chimpanzee . . ." Montgomery, Walking with the Great Apes, pp. 265-66.

163 "Sniff's mother . . ." Goodall, Through a Window, pp. 107-08.

164 ". . . clump of mushrooms . . ." Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, pp. 105-06.

165 ". . . elephant seal . . ." Ibid., p. 74.

165 Haldane quoted in Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, p. 103.

166 "Scientists who . . ." Fred Bruemmer, "White WTiales on HoHday," Natural Histoiy (January 1986) p. 48.

166 "An Atlantic bottle-nosed . . ." Connor and Norris, "Are Dolphins Reciprocal Altruists?" p. 368. 166 "Washoe, the famous chimpanzee . . ." Told in Eugene Linden, 5/7e«rPflrf-

260

NOTES

ners: The Legacy of the Ape Language Experiments (New York: Times Books, 1986), pp. 42—43. Also interview with Roger Fouts by Susan McCarthy, December 10, 1993.

166 "Asked whether he . . ." "Ripples of Controversy After a Chimp Drowns," New York Times, October 16, 1990. (The chimpanzee who drowned, referred to in the Times headline, is not the same animal as the one saved.)

167 "The three belugas . . ." Bruemmer, "WTiite WTiales on Hohday," pp. 40-49.

167 Connor and Norris, Ibid., pp. 358-74.

168 "Two reporters . . ." Michael Hutchins and Kathy Sullivan, "Dolphin Y)e-light" Animal Kingdom (July/August 1989), pp. 47-53.

169 Mike Tomkies, Out of the Wild (London: Jonathan Cape, 1985), p. 197. 169 Ryden, Lily Pond, p. 217.

169 Moss, Elephant Me?nories, p. 84.

169 Barry Holstun Lopez, Of Wolves and Men (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons', 1978), p. 198.

169 "A rabbit in . . ." Goran Hogstedt, "Adaptation unto Death: Function of Fear Screams," American Natu?-alist 121 (1983), pp. 562-70.

170 ". . . when lions hunt . . ." Schaller, Serengeti Lion, p. 254.

170 "A handful of studies . . ." Hannah M. H. Wu, Warren G. Holmes, Steven R. Medina, and Gene P. Sackett, "Kin Preference in Infant Macaca nemes-t7-ina," Nature 285 (1980), pp. 225-27.

171 "However, it has . . ." Chadwick, Beast the Color of Winter, p. 15.

171 "Experimenters studying . . ." Robert M. Se\^arth and Dorothy L. Cheney, "Grooming, Alliances, and Reciprocal Altruism in Vervet Monkeys," Nature 308, No. 5 (April 1984), pp. 541-42.

171 ". . . to monitor their indebtedness . . ." Eugene S. Morton and Jake Page, Animal Talk: Science a?id the Voices of Nature (New York: Random House, 1992), pp. 138-39.

172 Joseph Wood Krutch, The Best of Two Wo?-lds (New York: WiUiam Sloane Associates, 1950), p. 77.

172 "In the Negev Desert . . ." Clark, High Hills and Wild Goats, p. 136.

173 Athan, Guide to a Well-Behaved Pairot, pp. 111-12. Also interview by Susan McCarthy, August 23, 1993.

173 "In the Kenya bush . . ." Rasa, Mongoose Watch, pp. 83-84.

173 Thomas, The Tribe of Tiger, p. 25.

174 "Ola, a young false killer . . ." Pryor, Lads Before the Wind, pp. 218-19.

175 " '. . . doing her own genes no good . . .' " Dawkins, Selfish Gene, p. 109. 175 " '. . . that has no place in nature . . .' " Ibid., p. 215.

175 "A recent scientific report . . ." Gerald S. Wilkinson, "Food Sharing in Vampire Bats," ScieTitific American 262 (1990), pp. 76-82. Also Gerald Wilkinson, interview by Susan McCarthy, March 4, 1994.

176 "Robert Frank . . ." Quoted in Kohn, The Brighter Side of Human Nature, p. 188.

176 Connor and Norris, "Are Dolphins Reciprocal Altruists?" pp. 358-74. 176 Robert L. Trivers, "The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism," Quarterly Review of Biology 46 (1971), pp. 35-57.

NOTES

177 "They were martyrs." Jim Nollman, Atimtal Dreajning: The An and Science of Interspecies Communication (Toronto and New York: Bantam Books, 1987), p. 59.

Chapter 9: Shame, Blushing, and Hidden Secrets

179 Jane Goodall, interview by Susan Mc(>arthy, May 7, 1994.

180 "Shame. . . . most vividly remembered . . ." This observation was made by John McCarthy.

180 ". . . 'the master emotion' . . ." Robert Karen, "Shame," ^f/^wf/c MonfA/jy 269 (February 1992), pp. 40-70.

180 Donald Nathanson, Shame and Pride: Affect, Sex, and the Birth of the Self (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1992), p. 142.

181 "If such apes are anesthetized . . ." Gordon Gallup, "Self-recognition in Primates: A Comparative Approach to the Bidirectional Properties of Consciousness," American Psychologist 32 (1977), pp. 329-38. Gallup tested paint on himself before applying it to chimps.

181 Kennedy, New Anthropomoi-phism, pp. 107-08.

181 "The chimpanzees Sherman and Austin . . ." Savage-Rumbaugh,/ipe L^n-guage, pp. 308-14.

182 ". . . Yeroen was slighdy injured . . ." De Waal, Chimpanzee Politics, pp. 47-48.

182 ". . . to save face." De Waal, Peacemaking Among Primates, pp. 238-39. 182 Craig Packer, "Male Dominance and Reproductive Activity in Papio anubis,"

Animal Behavior 27 (1979), pp. 37-45. 182 ". . . lion glanced around . . ." Schaller, Serengeti Lion, p. 268. 182 "A mountain goat who sees a predator . . ." Chadwick, Beast the Color of

Winter, pp. 87-88.

182 "Koko['s] embarrassment." Patterson and Linden, Education of Koko, pp. 136-37.

183 ". . . Wela, was trained . . ." Pryor, Lads Before the Wind, p. 128.

184 ". . . Washoe were human." Roger Fouts, interview by Susan McCarthy, December 10, 1993.

184 "One text on animal behavior evades . . ." Erika K. Honore and Peter H. Klopfer, A Concise Survey of Animal Behavior (San Diego, CA: Academic Press/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990), p. 85.

184 The pre-Darwinian naturalist Jean de Lamarck (1744-1829) theorized that animals could inherit acquired characteristics, in this case the habit of blushing.

185 Darwin, Expression of the Emotions, p. 309.

185 "His data contradicted those defenders of slavery . . ." Nathanson, Shame

and Pride: Affect, Sex, and the Birth of the Self, p. 462. 185 "Monkeys redden . . ." Darwin, Expression of the Emotions, p. 344. 185 "The ears of a Tasmanian devil . . ." Grzimek, Animal Life Encyclopedia,

Vol. 10, p. 82.

NOTES

185 ". . . smoky honeyeater have . . ." Bruce M. Beehler, A Naturalist in New Guinea (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1991), p. 57.

185 Athan, Guide to a Well-Behaved Parrot, p. 13. Also interview by Susan McCarthy, August 23, 1993.

186 ". . . toys . . . designed to fall apart . . ." Cited in Lewis, Shame, pp. 5-26.

186 Helen Block Lewis cited in Nathanson, Shame and Pride, p. 218.

186 ". . . flashing colored lights . . ." Ibid., pp. 169-70.

187 ". . . 'a biological system . . .'" Ibid., p. 140.

187 ". . . global self-accusation . . ."Ibid., pp. 210-11.

187 ". . . bone marrow of wildebeest . . ." Schaller, Serengeti Lion, p. 231.

187 "One experimenter who was shooting . . ." Kruuk, Spotted Hyena, pp. 99-100, 150.

188 ". . . acting oddly . . ." Ibid., pp. 153-55.

188 ". . . small silver fish . . ." Cited in Norris, Dolphin Days, p. 188.

188 Leyhausen, Cat Behavioi; pp. 144-45.

189 "Scottish red deer . . ." DarHng, Herd of Red Deer, p. 81.

190 ". . . elephants who are laughed at . . ." David Gucwa and James Ehmann, To Whom It May Co7icei-n: An Investigation of the Art of Elephants (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1985), p. 200.

190 Terrace, Nim, pp. 222-26.

191 ". . . dogs do feel remorse . . ." Desmond Morris, Dogwatching (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), p. 29.

191 Nathanson, Shame and Pride, p. 15.

Chapter 10: Beauty, the Bears, and the Setting Sun

192 Geza Teleki, "They Are Us," pp. 296-302 in The Great Ape Project.

192 "The sense of . . ." Izard, however, considers creativity' part of an Interest-Excitement emotional complex, along with hope. Izard, Human Emotions, p. 42.

192 Adriaan Kortlandt, "Chimpanzees in the Wild," Scientific American 206 (May 1962), pp. 128-38.

193 ". . . animals ... are color-blind." Paul Dickson and Joseph C. Gould, Myth-Informed: Legends, Credos, and Wrongheaded 'Tacts" We All Believe (Perigee/Putnam, 1993), p. 21. The authors write "bulls, Hke many other animals, including dogs, see only shades of Hght and dark." Also see John Horgan, "See Spot See Blue: Curb that Dogma! Canines Are Not Color-bhnd," Scientific American 262 (January 1990), p. 20. Horgan notes this assertion making its way into textbooks.

194 ". . . see ultraviolet light . . ." Gerald Jacobs, interview by Susan McCar-tiiy, September 30, 1993.

194 ". . . magnetic fields." Wolfgang Wiltschko, Ursula Munro, Hugh Ford, and Roswitha Wiltschko, "Red Light Disrupts Magnetic Orientation of Migrator)' Birds," Nature 364 (August 5, 1993), p. 525.

194 " 'WTiat is it about . . .' " Benyus, Beastly Behaviors, p. 206.

SOTFS

195 K. von Frisch: "Ein Zwergwels, dcr kommt, weiin man ihm pfeift." Bio-logisches Zentralblatt 43 (1923), pp. 439-46. In this article, von Frisch left it open whether the fish "heard" or "felt" the whistHng. But in a later article (Natun\ 141, Januarv' 1, 1938, pp. 8-11) he proved that they did hear. He noted that people had long helieved fish made no sounds. Yet minnows make soft piping noises: "It is interesting that the production of sound by so well known a fish should have been overlooked for so long. There may be much to discover in the future about the language of fishes."

195 "Birds are about . . ."Joel Carl Welty and Luis Baptista, The Life of Birds (New York: Saunders College Publishing, 1988), pp. 82, 215. Among the functions of song, the authors note, "that some birds may sing from a sense of well-being, or simply 'for the joy of it,' should not arbitrarily be ruled out!"

195 Gerald Durrell, My Family and Other Animals (New York: Viking Press, 1957), pp. 38-39.

196 "Grey parrots . . ." De Grahi, Grey PatTot, p. 168. 196 Ryden, God's Dog, p. 70.

196 "In most gibbon . . ." Donna Robbins Leighton, "Gibbons: Territoriality and Monogamy" in Primate Societies, Barbara B. Smuts, Dorothy L. Cheney, Robert M. Seyfarth, Richard W. Wrangham, and Thomas T. Struhsaker, eds. (Chicago and London: L^niversity of Chicago Press, 1986), pp. 135-45.

196 Nollman, Animal Dreaming, pp. 94-97.

197 "Michael, a gorilla . . ." Wendy Gordon (Gorilla Foundation, Woodside, CA), interview by Susan McCarthy, April 29, 1994.

197 "Siri, an Indian . . ." Gucwa and Ehmann, To Whom It May Concern, p. 190.

198 ". . . coatimundis in Arizona . . ." Gilbert, Chulo, p. 202.

198 ". . . vultures . . ." Welty and Baptista, Life of Birds, pp. 78-79.

198 ". . . rhesus monkeys . . ." N. K. Humphrey, " 'Interest' and 'Pleasure': Two Determinants of a Monkey's Visual Preferences," Perception 1 (1972), pp. 395-416.

199 Bernhard Rensch cited in Desmond Morris, The Biology of Art: A Study of the Picture-Making Behavior of the Great Apes and Its Relationship to Human Art (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), pp. 32-34.

199 ". . . widowbirds . . ." Make Anderson, "Female Choice Selects for Extreme Tail Length in a Widowbird," Nature 299 (October 28, 1982), pp. 818-20.