When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals (38 page)

44 EUzabeth Marshall Thomas, The Hidden Life of Dogs (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1993).

NOTES

Chapter 3: Fear, Hope, and the Terrors of Dreams

45 "And yet from a Kenyan . . ." Douglas H. Chadwick, The Fate of the Elephant (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1992), pp. 129, 327.

45 "Wildlife biologist Lynn Rogers . . ." Adele Conover, "He's Just One of the Bears," National Wildlife 30 Qune-July 1992), pp. 30-36.

46 "Rogers learned . . ." Lynn Rogers, interview by Susan McCarthy, July 15, 1993.

47 "Yet fear has also been . . ." Andrew Mayes, "The Physiology of Fear and Anxiety," in Fear in Animals and Man, W. Sluckin, ed., 24^55 (New York and London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1979), pp. 32-33.

47 McFarland, ed., Oxford Companion to Animal Behavior, p. 180.

47 "The biological traces . . ." Melvin Konner, The Tangled IVing: Biological Constraiiits on the Human Spirit (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982), p. 215.

48 "The theory is that . . ." Marcia Barinaga, "How Scary Things Get That Way," Science 258 (November 6, 1992), pp. 887-88.

48 "The chmber, more often . . ." Thomson, "The Concept of Fear," p. 3.

49 F. Fraser Darling, A He?-d of Red Deer: A Study in Animal Behavior (London: Oxford University Press, 1937), pp. 70-71.

49 "Somehow it is . . ." Pryor, Lads Befoi'e the Wind, p. 178.

49 ". . . or that a frightened . . ." Gorilla: Joufyial of the Gorilla Foundation IS, #2 Qune 1992), p. 5.

49 " 'We are—not metaphorically . . .' " Konner, Tangled Wing, p. 235.

49 Douglas H. Chadwick, A Beast the Color of Winter: The Moujitain Goat Observed (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1983), pp. 57-58.

49 Wolfgang de Grahl, The Grey Parrot, trans, by William Charlton (Neptune City, NY: T.F.H. PubHcations, 1987), pp. 44-45.

51 "In the Rockies . . ." Chadwick, Beast the Color of Winter, p. 89.

51 "Wild birds at a . . ." P. A. Russell, "Fear-Evoking StimuH," in Fear in Animals and Man, W. Sluckin, ed., 86-124 (New York and London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1979), pp. 97-98.

52 "Wingnut, a particularly . . ." Thomas Bledsoe, Brown Bear Summer: My Life Among Alaska's Grizzlies (New York: Dutton, 1987), p. 129.

52 "Separated from his . . ." Pryor, Lads Before the Wind, p. 178.

52 Jack Adams, Wild Elephants in Captivity (Dominguez Hills, CA: Center for

the Study of Elephants, 1981), p. 146. 52 "One aviculturahst . . ." De Grahl, Grey Parrot, pp. 210-12.

52 Arjan Singh, Tiger! Tiger! (London: Jonathan Cape, 1984), pp. 75, 90.

53 "Cody, an orangutan . . ." Keith Laidler, The Talking Ape (New York: Stein and Day, 1980). Laidler was shocked by Cody's terror of his own species and arranged for Cody to meet and eventually be caged with another young orangutan. The two apes became friendly and would walk about hand in hand.

53 Jim Crumley, Waters of the Wild Swan (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992), pp.

85-86. 53 Thomas, Hidden Life of Dogs, p. 71.

NOTFS

54 "Mountain goats . . ." (^hadwick, liiuist the (^olor of Wniter, p. 115.

54 "In Hwange National Park . . ." Moss, Elephant Memories, pp. 315-16.

55 Bledsoe, Bro-dti Bear Stmmier, pp. 171-76.

56 Lvnn Rogers, interview by Susan McCarthy, July 15, 1993.

56 Paul Le\hausen, Cat Behavior: The Predatory and Social Behavior of Domestic and Wild Cats, trans, by Barbara A. Ibnkin (New York and London: Garland STPM Press, 1979), pp. 286-87.

56 (>hadwick. Beast the Color of Winter, p. 19.

56 "A peregrine falcon father . . ." Mzrcy CoxXxeWHouXe, Wings for My Flight: The Peregrine Falcons of Chimney Rock (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesiey Publishing Co., 1991), p. 105.

56 "One experimenter decided . . ." Harvey A. Hornstein, Cruelty and Kindness: A Nra' Look at Oppression and Altruism (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1976), p. 81. Citing experiments by Professor Donald O. Hebb.

57 "In this case, however ..." Herbert S. Terrace, Nim: A Chimpanzee Who Learned Sign Language (New York: Washington Square Press, 1979), p. 44. The mother chimpanzee's apprehensions were justified: she was tranquilized and the infant was taken away, named Nim Chimpsky, and taught 125 words of American Sign Language. Years later he was returned to the institute.

57 Hans Kruuk, The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behavior (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. 161.

57 "Pandora, a two-year-old . . ." Chadwick, Beast the Color of Winter, p. 26.

58 "In Africa a buffalo . . ." George B. Schaller, The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. 266.

58 Kruuk, Spotted Hyena, p. 161.

58 "For a nature program . . ." "Cheetahs in the Land of Lions," an episode of Mature: uith George Page, 1992.

59 Darwin is quoted by Peter J. Bowler, The Fontana History of the Environmental Sciences (London: HarperCollins, 1992), pp. 480-81. The sentences before the quote read: "Darwin was led to stress those accounts of animals which depict their behavior as 'almost human.' He made no experiments of his own, and relied upon anecdotal information supplied by hunters, zoo-keepers and the like." The story of the "heroic" little monkey is found in Darwin's Descent of Man: and Selections in Relation to Sex, pp. 89, 95 (Norwalk, CT: Heritage Press Edition, 1972).

59 Moss, Elephant Memories, p. 162.

60 "Koko, a gorilla . . ." Francine Patterson and Eugene Linden, The Education ofKoko (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981), pp. 135-36.

61 "The chimpanzee Viki . . ." R. Allen Gardner and Beatrix T. Gardner, "A Cross-Fostering Laboratory," in Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees, R. Allen Gardner, Beatrix T. Gardner, and Thomas E. Van Cantfort, eds., 1-28 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989), p. 8.

61 "In a remarkable use . . ." Beatrix T. Gardner, Allen Gardner, and Susan G. Nichols, "The Shapes and Uses of Signs in a Cross-Fostering Laboratory," in Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees, p. 65.

62 "Biologists who arrived . . ." "A Letter from the Field," Luis Baptista, Pacific Discovery 16 (4): pp. 44-47.

NOTES

62 Sherwin Carlquist, Island Life: A Natural History of the Islands of the World (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, 1965), pp. 337-41.

62 "WTien Washoe grew . . ." Roger S. Fouts, Deborah H. Fouts, and Thomas E. Van Cantfort, "The Infant Loulis Learns Signs from Cross-Fostered Chimpanzees," in Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees, pp. 280-92. Also personal communication.

63 Ludwig YMttgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, 3rd ed., trans, by G. E. M. Anscombe (New York: Macmillan Co., 1968), p. 174.

Chapter 4: Love and Friendship

64 J. H. Williams, Elephant Bill (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1950), pp. 82-84.

65 "Yet love is not . . ." For example, Carroll E. Izard (Human Emotions, New York and London: Plenum Press, 1977) does not include love on his list of the eight basic emotions.

65 Catherine Roberts, The Scientific Conscience: Reflectiofis on the Modem Biologist and Humanism (New York: George Braziller, 1967).

65 " 'It's important to remember . . .' " Janine Benyus, Beastly Behaviors: A Zoo Lover's Companion: What Makes Whales Whistle, Cranes Dance, Pandas Turn Somersaults, and Crocodiles Roar: A Watcher's Guide to How Animals Act and Why (Reading, xMA: Addison-Wesley PubUshing Co., 1992), p. 52.

66 Thomas, Hidden Life of Dogs.

66 "Thomas has been castigated . . ." Patricia Holt, "Puppy Love Isn't Just For People: Author Says Dogs, Like Humans, Can Bond," San Francisco Chronicle, December 9, 1993.

67 "Females of a southeast Asian ..." I owe this description to Professor Richard I. Vane-Wright. It originally derives from ALiriam Rothschild, "Female Butterfly Guarding Eggs," in Antenna, London, Vol. 3 (1979), p. 94.

67 J. Traheme Aloggridge, Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders: Notes aiid Observations on Their Habits and Dwellings (London: L. Reeve & Co., 1873), pp. 113-14.

69 " 'The female appeared to be . . .' " Bertold P. Wiesner and Norah M. Sheard, Maternal Behavior in the Rat (Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd, 1933), pp. 121-22.

69 " 'It is not uncommon . . .' " Tony Gaston and Garry Donaldson, "Banding Thick-billed Murre Chicks," Pacific Seabirds 21 (1994), pp. 4-6.

69 "In contrast to . . ." Bill Clark, High Hills and Wild Goats (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1990), p. 34.

69 "Some biologists suggest . . ." Bettyann Kevles, Females of the Species: Sex and Survival in the Animal Kingdom (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 154.

70 "Biologists studpng wild dogs . . ." Frame and Frame, Swift & Enduring: Cheetahs and Wild Dogs of the Serengeti, p. 157.

70 "In a typical . . ." Anne Innis Dagg and J. Bristol Foster, The Giraffe: Its

NOTES

Biolo^, Behavior, and Ecology (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1976), pp. .^8-39.

70 " 'When I approached . . .' " Quoted in Faith McNulty, The Whooping Crane: The Bird That Defies Extinction (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1966), P- 37.

71 "To the north of . . ." Stanley P. Young, The Wolves of North America: Their History, Life Habits, Economic Status, and Control (Part II: "Classification of Wolves" by Edward A. Goldman) (Washington, DC: American Wildlife Institute, 1944), pp. 109-10, citing a 1935 article by Peter Freuchen.

71 "It is estimated that . . ." Devra G. Kleiman and James R. Malcolm, "The Evolution of Male Parental Investment in Mammals," in Parental Care in Mammals, David J. Gubernick and Peter H. Klopfer, eds. (New York: Plenum Press, 1981).

71 Gerald Durrell, Menagei'ie Manor (New York: Avon, 1964), pp. Ill-29.

72 Macdonald, Running with the Fox, pp. 140-42.

72 "Researchers studying wild zebras . . ." Cynthia Moss, Portraits in the Wild: Behavior Studies of East African Mammals (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1975), pp. 104-05.

73 ". . . one adolescent wild baboon . . ." Strum, Almost Human, p. 40.

74 "In a captive baboon colony . . ." Rowell, Social Behaviour of Monkeys, p. 76.

74 Montgomery, Walking with the Great Apes, p. 43.

75 "Researchers in Africa kidnapped . . ." Hans Kummer, Social Organization of Hamadryas Baboons; A Field Study (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 63. This study refers to such caretaking by male baboons as mothering and as "maternal" behavior.

75 "The experimenters who gave the mother rat . . ." Wiesner and Sheard, Maternal Behavior, p. 148.

75 " 'At Northrepps Hall, near Cromer . . .' " Robert Cochrane, "Some Parrots I Have Known," in The Animal Story Book, The Young Folks Library, Vol. IX (Boston: Hall & Locke Co., 1901), pp. 208-09.

76 "... a wildebeest calf who . . ." Kruuk, Spotted Hyena, p. 17L

76 "One young wild elephant . . ." Moss, Elephant Memories, p. 267.

77 "In one pack of wild dogs . . ." Schaller, Serengeti Lion, p. 332.

77 Frangoise Patenaude, "Care of the Young in a Family of Wild Beavers, Castor canadensis," Acta Zool. Fennica 174 (1983), pp. 121-22.

78 "... a monkey kept alone will work . . ." Rowell, Social Behaviour of Monkeys, p. 110.

78 "Elephants appear to make . . ." Moss, Portraits in the Wild, pp. 16-17.

79 Hans Kruuk, The Social Badger; Ecology and Behaviour of a Group-living Carnivore (Meles meles) (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 146.

80 John J. Teal, Jr., "Domesticating the Wild and Woolly Musk Ox," National Geographic Qune 1970); also Anne Fadiman, "Musk Ox Ruminations," Life (May 1985).

80 "... a hand-reared leopard was . . ." Singh, Tiger! Tiger!, p. 207. 80 Michael P. Ghiglieri, East of the Mountains of the Moon: Chimpanzee Society in the African Rain Forest (New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1988), p. 119.

248

NOTES

80 "A group of wild dogs . . ." Frame and Frame, Swift & Enduring, pp. 85-88.

81 "In Madagascar a brown lemur . . ." Alison Jolly, Lemur Behavior: A Madagascar Field Study (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), pp. 123, 126-28.

81 Leyhausen, Cat Behavior, pp. 242-43.

82 "Wild beavers, given time . . ." Hope Ryden, Lily Pond: Four Years with a Family of Beavers (New York: William Morrow & Co, 1989).

82 "Lucy, a chimpanzee . . ." E. S. Savage, Jane Temerlin, and W. B. Lem-mon, "The Appearance of Mothering Behavior Toward a Kitten by a Human-Reared Chimpanzee," paper delivered at the Fifth Congress of Pri-matology, Nagoya, Japan, 1974.

82 "It is also reported . . ." Chadwick, The Fate of the Elephant, pp. 270-71.

83 Professor William Jankowiak, interview by Susan McCarthy, December 15, 1992. Also see Daniel Goleman, "Anthropology Goes Looking for Love in All the Old Places," Neu^ York Times, November 24, 1992.

83 Professor Charles Lindholm, interview by Susan McCarthy, January 12, 1993.

84 Jane Goodall, In the Shadow of Man, revised edition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1988), p. 194.

84 "The butterfly fish of . . ." John P. Hoover, Hawaii's Fishes: A Guide for Snorkelers, Divers and Aquarists (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 1993), pp. 26-27.

85 A. J. Magoun & P. Valkenburg, "Breeding Behavior of Free-ranging Wolverines (Gulof Acta Zool. Fennica 174 (1983), pp. 175-77.

85 " 'After all . . .' " Edna St. Vincent Millay, "Passer Mortuus Est," in Collected Lyrics (New York: Washington Square Press, 1959), p. 56.

86 "Konrad Lorenz said that . . ." Pryor, Lads Before the Wind, p. 171.

86 Mattie Sue Athan, Guide to a Well-Behaved Parrot (Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 1993), p. 138.

87 "'It sickens me when people . . .'" David Cantor, "Items of Property," pp. 280-90 in The Great Ape Project. In August 1994 a spokesperson for the Cleveland Metropark Zoo said that Timmy had been sent to the Bronx Zoo, where he had fathered four baby gorillas. Katie was sent to the Fort Worth Zoo to serve as an aunt to other baby gorillas.

87 "Much has been made of the significant rates of infidelity . . ." For an overview see Natahe Angier, "Mating for Life? It's Not for the Birds or the Bees," New York Times, August 21, 1990.

87 ". . . male prairie voles who have formed . . ." James T. Wlnslow, Nick Hastings, C. Sue Carter, Carroll R. Harbaugh, and Thomas R. Insel, "A Role for Central Vasopressin in Pair Bonding in Monogamous Prairie Voles," Nature 365 (7 October 1993), pp. 545-48.