When Computers Were Human (80 page)

Royal Nautical Almanac.
See
Nautical Almanac, British

Royal Society,
13
,
42
,
43
,
75
,
106
,
107
,
173
,
331

Runkle, John,
60
,
62

Sadler, Donald,
261
–
63

Safford, Henry,
60

Saturn,
14
,
15
,
20
,
22
,
23
,
48
,
59
,
121
,
192

Saunders, Rhoda,
74
,
82
,
85
–
87
,
91
,
331

Scheutz, George and Edvard,
69
,
70
,
331
; difference engine of (
see
difference engine
)

Schilt, Jan,
267
,
274

Schlachter, Regina,
251
,
252

Schott, Charles,
74

Scientific Computing Service.
See
Comrie, L. J.

Second World War,
5
,
7
,
239
,
240
,
256
–
75
,
279
,
301
,
311
,
313
,
319
; calculations for D-Day,
269
–
71
; end of conflict,
276
–
85
,
298
; German science from,
280
–
84

Senior Wrangler.
See
wranglers

Shakespeare.
See
Davis, Charles Henry

Shannon, Claude,
261

Shaw, George Bernard,
102
,
103
,
107
;
Mrs. Warrens Profession
,
102
,
103

Siacci, Francesco,
129
,
130
,
141

Signal Corps.
See
United States Army

simultaneous equations.
See
mathematical methods

slide rule,
91
–
93
,
96
,
157
,
221
,
222

Smith, Adam,
6
,
15
,
26
,
27
,
33
,
36
,
40
,
41
,
53
,
331
.
See also
division of labor

Smithsonian Institution,
56
,
205
; weather project of,
75
,
76
,
147

Snedecor, George,
165
–
69
,
187
,
221
,
303
,
331

social sciences,
99
–
101
,
112
,
116
,
163
,
190
–
91
,
199

Soviet Union (USSR),
194
,
195
,
248
,
305
,
306
.
See also
Cold War

statistics,
4
,
7
,
94
,
97
,
98
,
100
,
103
–
5
,
111
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124
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126
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165
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172
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,
191
–
94
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,
237
,
239
,
290
; agricultural,
75
,
146
,
148
,
161
–
66
,
181
,
199
,
225
; Hog astronomy/hogarythms,
148
; analysis of variance/regression in,
161
,
187
,
188
; calculation of,
108
,
109
; connection to Darwin,
103
–
7
; correlation in,
105
–
8
,
111
,
164
,
165
,
168
,
187
,
191
; economic,
7
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26
,
27
,
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,
98
,
161
,
187
–
89
; expansion of into social sciences,
116
–
18
,
190
–
91
,
199
.
See also
least squares
;
United States Census

statistical laboratories,
183
.
See also
Iowa State College
,
Biometrics Laboratory
;
United States Department of Agriculture
;
Columbia University
;
Cowles Commission for Economic Research
;
Davis, H. T.

Stegun, Irene,
300
,
314

Steinmetz, Charles,
99

Stibitz, George,
221
–
24
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227
,
229
,
231
,
233
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237
,
258
,
271
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,
276
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,
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,
331
; and complex calculator,
221
,
223

Stratford, William Samuel,
48
–
50
,
53
,
54
,
120
; surveying by,
6
,
33
,
35
,
55
,
65
–
67
,
71
,
73
,
77
,
100
,
136
,
271
; adjustment of triangulations by,
73
,
74
,
78
,
81
,
137
,
160
–
62
; map grids of,
244

Swift, Jonathan:
Gulliver's Travels
,
21
,
22
,
43
,
104
,
148
,
168

Swine Commission,
148
–
50
,
165

Tausky, Olga,
262
,
263
,
281
,
301
,
302
,
331

telegraph,
75
–
78

telephone,
137
,
169
,
171
,
223
,
287

Theoria motus corporum coelestium. See
Gauss, Carl Frederick

Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau,
193
–
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,
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225
,
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,
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,
278
,
291
,
331
.
See also
Columbia University

Thoreau, Henry David,
60

three-body problem.
See
calculus

Tocqueville, Alexis de,
55
,
56
,
239

Todd, John,
99
,
261
–
64
,
304
,
313
; and Institute for Numerical Analysis,
301
,
302
; and John Curtiss,
309
; and John von Neumann,
263
,
264
; and programming,
264
; and mission to Germany,
281
–
84

Tolley, Howard,
159
–
64
,
174
,
187
,
331

Tracts for Computers
,
156
–
58
,
165
,
178
,
219
,
331

Tripos,
50
,
102
,
104
,
107
,
111
,
331

Turner, Frederick Jackson,
56
,
99
,
100

Twain, Mark,
123

UCLA,
298
,
300
,
301
,
303
,
310

United Public Workers of America,
292
–
94

United States Air Force,
289
,
298
,
310
,
312
,
316
,
317

United States Army,
4
,
74
,
79
,
130
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140
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146
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151
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; Office of Experimental Ballistics,
134
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140
,
145
,
151
–
53
,
195
,
240
; Signal Corps,
76
,
77
,
134
,
268
.
See
meteorology

United States Census,
94
–
96
,
99
,
146

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey,
56
,
57
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65
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71
–
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,
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United States Congress,
65
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,
138
,
199
,
292
,
305
; and science,
56
,
57
,
67
,
75
,
299
.
See also
House Un-American Activities Committee

United States Department of Agriculture,
75
,
147
,
161
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164
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,
187
,
194
,
225
,
237
; Bureau of Agricultural Economics,
161
,
163

United States Food Administration,
146
–
48
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151
,
159
,
161
,
165

United States Naval Observatory,
56
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274
,
330

United States Navy,
27
,
56
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57
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67
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71
–
76
,
79
,
83
,
84
,
96
,
115
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120
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240
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241
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252
–
54
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,
272
,
277
,
285
,
289
,
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,
298
,
300
,
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,
313

UNIVAC,
302
,
319
,
321

Upton, Winslow,
84
–
88

Uranus,
23
,
39
,
46
,
48
,
59
,
192

USSR.
See
Soviet Union

Vassar College,
71
,
254
,
300

Veblen, Oswald,
134
,
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,
152
,
153
,
159
,
178
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–
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,
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,
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,
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,
280
,
322
,
331
; and ballistics,
135
–
37
,
141

Veblen, Thorsten,
134
,
190

Venus,
62
,
87

von Neumann, John,
217
,
245
,
279
,
287
,
291
,
295
,
296
,
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,
304
,
331
; and Admiralty Computing Service,
263
,
264
; and Mathematical Tables Project,
205
,
217
,
245
,
291
,
292
,
294
–
96
,
299
; and linear programming,
295
,
296
,
299
,
304

Walker, Sears Cook,
60
–
63
,
68

Wallace, Harry C.,
149
–
51
,
161

Wallace, Henry A.,
149
–
51
,
159
,
164
–
66
,
174
,
187
,
192
,
193
,
216
,
225
,
231
,
253
,
331
; and biblical Egyptian famine,
149
–
51
;
Correlation and Machine Calculation
,
165
; and meteorology,
168
,
169
.
See also
Swine Commission
,

Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau.
See
Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau

Watson, Thomas J.,
146
,
233
,
242
,
270
,
274
,
314
,
331
; and Columbia University,
190
–
92
; and Harvard Mark I,
231