The Sleepwalkers (97 page)

10
. Vucinich,
Serbia between East and West
, p. 21; Gale Stokes, ‘The Social Role of the Serbian Army before World War I: A Synthesis', in Stephen Fischer-Galati and Béla K. Király (eds.),
War and Society in Central Europe, 1740–1920
(Boulder, 1987), pp. 105–17.

11
. On ‘coterie charisma', see Roger Eatwell, ‘The Concept and Theory of Charismatic Leadership',
Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
, 7/2 (2006), pp. 141–56, here pp. 144, 153, 154; id., ‘Hacia un nuevo modelo de liderazgo carismático de derecha', in Miguel Ángel Simon Gomez (ed.),
La extrema derecha en Europa desde 1945 a nuestros días
(Madrid, 2007), pp. 19–38.

12
. Both comments cited in MacKenzie,
Apis
, p. 50.

13
. Vucinich,
Serbia between East and West
, p. 47.

14
. MacKenzie,
Apis
, p. 35; Vucinich,
Serbia between East and West
, p. 51; Vladimir Dedijer,
The Road to Sarajevo
(London, 1967), p. 85.

15
.
The Times
, 27 April, p. 6, issue 37065, col. B.

16
. Jovanović,
Vlada Aleksandra Obrenovica
, vol. 3, p. 359.

17
. Sir G. Bonham to Marquess of Lansdowne, deciphered telegram, Belgrade, 7.45 p.m. 11 June 1903, TNA, FO 105/157, fo. 11.

18
. Bonham to Marquess of Lansdowne, telegram (copy), Belgrade, 12 June 1903, TNA, FO 105/157, fo. 43.

19
. Sir F. Plunkett to Marquess of Lansdowne, Vienna, 12 June 1903, ibid., fo. 44.

20
. See Petar's proclamation of 25 June (OS) in Djurdje Jelenić,
Nova Srbija i Jugoslavija. Istorija nacionalnog oslobodjenja i ujedinjenja Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, od Kočine krajine do vidovdanskog ustava (1788–1921)
(Belgrade, 1923), p. 225.

21
. For accounts that depict the coup of 1903 as the threshold to a Serbian golden age, see M. Popović,
Borba za parlamentarni režim u Srbiji
(Belgrade, 1938), esp. pp. 85–108, 110–11; Z. Mitrović,
Srpske politicke stranke
(Belgrade, 1939), esp. pp. 95–114; Alex N. Dragnich,
The Development of Parliamentary Government in Serbia
(Boulder, 1978), pp. 95–8; id.,
Serbia, Nikola Pašić and Yugoslavia
.

22
. Comments by M. Kaliević, reported in Bonham to Marquess of Lansdowne, 21 June 1903, TNA, FO 105/157, fos. 309–11, here fo. 310; see also Vucinich,
Serbia between East and West
, pp. 70–71.

23
. Wilfred Thesiger to Marquess of Lansdowne, Belgrade, 15 November 1905, TNA, FO 105/158, fos. 247–52, here fo. 250. (Thesiger was the father of the famous explorer and writer.)

24
. Thesiger to Marquess of Lansdowne, Belgrade, 5 December 1905, ibid., fos. 253–5, here fos. 254–5; Dragnich,
Serbia, Nikola Pašić and Yugoslavia
, pp. 73–4.

25
. MacKenzie,
Apis
, p. 56.

26
. Count Mérey von Kapos-Mére to Aehrenthal, 27 November 1903, cited in F. R. Bridge,
From Sadowa to Sarajevo. The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866–1914
(London, 1972), p. 263; Mérey's assessment is corroborated in Kosztowits (Netherlands consul in Belgrade) to Melvil van Lijnden, Belgrade, 4 September 1903, NA, 2.05.36, doc. 10, Rapporten aan en briefwisseling met het Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken.

27
. David MacKenzie, ‘Officer Conspirators and Nationalism in Serbia, 1901– 1914', in S. Fischer-Galati and B. K. Kiraly (eds.),
Essays on War and Society in East Central Europe, 1720–1920
(Boulder, 1987), pp. 117–50, here p. 125; D. Djordjević, ‘The Role of the Military in the Balkans in the Nineteenth Century', in R. Melville and H.-J. Schroeder (eds.),
Der Berliner Kongress von 1878
(Wiesbaden, 1982), pp. 317–47, esp. pp. 343–5.

28
. D. T. Bataković, ‘Nikola PaÅ¡ić, les radicaux et la “Main Noire”',
Balcanica
, 37 (2006), pp. 143–69, here p. 154; for a narrative account of the ‘Niš counter-conspiracy', see Vasić,
Devetsto treća
, pp. 131–84.

29
. For an astute analysis of Pašić's personality, see Djordje Stanković,
Nikola Pašić. Prilozi za biografiju
(Belgrade, 2006), pt 2, ch. 8, p. 322.

30
. Slobodan Jovanović, ‘Nicholas Pašić: After Ten Years',
Slavonic and East European Review
, 15 (1937), pp. 368–76, here p. 369.

31
. On Pašić's Russophilia, which was pragmatic rather than ideological, see čedomir Popov, ‘Nova Osvetljenja Rusko-Srpskih odnosa' (review of Latinka Petrović and Andrej Šemjakin (eds.),
Nikola Pašić. Pisma članci i govori
(Belgrade, 1995)), in
Zbornik Matice Srpske za Slavistiku
, 48–9 (1995), pp. 278–83, here p. 278; Vasa Kazimirović,
Nikola Pašić i njegovo doba 1845– 1926
(Belgrade, 1990), pp. 54–5, 63. For an account that stresses the ideological dimension of Pašić's Russophilia, see Andrej Šemjakin,
Ideologia Nikole Pašića. Formiranje i evolucija (1868–1891)
(Moscow, 1998); on the mission to St Petersburg, see MacKenzie,
Apis
, p. 27.

32
. Nikac Djukanov,
Bajade: anegdote o Nikoli Pašiću
(Belgrade, 1996), p. 35.

33
. Stanković,
Nikola Pašić
, pp. 315–16.

34
. Bataković, ‘Nikola Pašić', pp. 150–51; Dragnich,
Serbia, Nikola Pašić and Yugoslavia
, pp. 3, 6, 7, 27–8; MacKenzie,
Apis
, pp. 26–8.

35
. Bataković, ‘Nikola Pašić', p. 151; Dragnich,
Serbia, Nikola Pašić and Yugoslavia
, p. 76; MacKenzie,
Apis
, p. 57; Constantin Dumba,
Memoirs of a Diplomat
, trans. Ian F. D. Morrow (London, 1933), pp. 141–3.

36
. Vucinich,
Serbia between East and West
, p. 102.

37
. For the text of
Načertanije
, see Dragoslav Stranjaković, ‘Kako postalo GaraÅ¡aninovo “Načertanije”', in
Spomenik Srpske Kraljevske Akademije
, VCI (1939), pp. 64–115, here p. 75, cited in Wolf Dietrich Behschnitt,
Nationalismus bei Serben und Kroaten 1830–1914
(Munich, 1980), p. 55.

38
. Cited in Behschnitt,
Nationalismus
, p. 57; see also Horst Haselsteiner, ‘Nationale Expansionsvorstellungen bei Serben und Kroaten im 19. Jahrhundert',
Österreichische Osthefte
, 39 (1997), pp. 245–54, here pp. 247–8.

39
. For the text of
Srbi svi i svuda
, see Vuk Stefanović Karadžić,
Kovčežic za istoriju, jezik, običaje Srba sva tri zakona
[A Treasury of History, Language and Folkways of the Serbs of All Three Confessions] (Vienna, 1849), pp. 1– 27, here pp. 1, 7, 19, 22; on the puzzling refusal of Croats to adopt the name ‘Serb', pp. 2–3; Haselsteiner, ‘Nationale Expansionsvorstellungen', pp. 246–7.

40
. Karadžić,
Kovčežic
, pp. 2–3; Haselsteiner, ‘Nationale Expansionsvorstellungen', p. 248.

41
. Stranjaković, ‘Kako postalo GaraÅ¡aninovo “Načertanije”', p. 84, cited in Behschnitt,
Nationalismus
, p. 56; Haselsteiner, ‘Nationale Expansionsvorstellungen', p. 249.

42
. David MacKenzie, ‘Serbia as Piedmont and the Yugoslav Idea, 1804–1914',
East European Quarterly
, 28 (1994), pp. 153–82, here p. 160.

43
. Leopold von Ranke,
The History of Servia and the Servian Revolution
, trans. Mrs Alexander Kerr (London, 1853), p. 52.

44
. Tim Judah,
The Serbs. History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
(2nd edn, New Haven, 2000), pp. 29–47.

45
. Arthur J. Evans,
Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina on Foot during the Insurrection, August and September, 1875
(London, 1877), p. 139.

46
. Barbara Jelavich, ‘Serbia in 1897: A Report of Sir Charles Eliot',
Journal of Central European Affairs
, 18 (1958), pp. 183–9, here p. 185.

47
. Dedijer,
Road to Sarajevo
, pp. 250–60.

48
. The exact population numbers for ‘Old Serbia' (comprising Kosovo, Metohija, Sandzak and Bujanovac) are unknown; see Behschnitt,
Nationalismus
, p. 39.

49
. See Justin McCarthy,
Death and Exile. The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922
(Princeton, 1996), pp. 161–4 and passim.

50
. For an excellent overview (with map) see Andrew Rossos,
Macedonia and the Macedonians. A History
(Stanford, 2008), p. 4.

51
. John Shea, ‘Macedonia in History: Myths and Constants',
Österreichische Osthefte
, 40 (1998), pp. 147–68; Loring M. Danforth, ‘Competing Claims to Macedonian Identity: The Macedonian Question and the Breakup of Yugoslavia',
Anthropology Today
, 9/4 (1993), pp. 3–10; Rossos,
Macedonia
, p. 5.

52
. Jelavich, ‘Serbia in 1897', p. 187.

53
. Carnegie Foundation Endowment for International Peace,
Enquête dans les Balkans: rapport présenté aux directeurs de la Dotation par les membres de la commission d'enquête
(Paris, 1914), pp. 448, 449.

54
. Cited in Djordje Stanković,
Nikola Pašić, saveznivi i stvaranje Jugoslavije
(Zajecar, 1995), p. 29; on Pašić's belief in the essential unity of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, see also id.,
Nikola Pašić
.
Prilozi za biografiju
, esp. the first chapter.

55
. Cited in David MacKenzie,
Ilja Garašanin: Balkan Bismarck
(Boulder, 1985), p. 99.

56
. Vucinich,
Serbia between East and West
, p. 122.

57
. Kosztowits to Melvil de Lijnden, Belgrade, 25 August 1903, NA, 2.05.36, doc. 10, Rapporten aan en briefwisseling met het Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken.

58
. MacKenzie, ‘Officer Conspirators', pp. 128–9; Vucinich,
Serbia between East and West
, pp. 158–9.

59
. Haselsteiner, ‘Nationale Expansionsvorstellungen', p. 249.

60
. Cited in Vucinich,
Serbia between East and West
, pp. 172, 174.

61
. Bridge,
From Sadowa to Sarajevo
, pp. 122–3.

62
. Kazimirović,
Nikola Pašić
, p. 607.

63
. On the trade and armaments questions, see Jovan Jovanović,
Borba za Narodno Ujedinjenje, 1903–1908
(Belgrade, [1938]), pp. 108–16.

64
. Kosztowits to W. M. de Weede, Belgrade, 24 May 1905, NA, 2.05.36, doc. 10, Rapporten aan en briefwisseling met het Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken.

65
. M. B. Hayne,
The French Foreign Office and the Origins of the First World War 1898–1914
(Oxford, 1993), pp. 52, 150.

66
. Herbert Feis,
Europe, the World's Banker 1870–1914. An Account of European Foreign Investment and the Connection of World Finance with Diplomacy before the War
(New Haven, 1930), p. 264.

67
. čedomir Antić, ‘Crisis and Armament. Economic Relations between Great Britain and Serbia 1910–1912',
Balcanica
, 36 (2006), pp. 151–61.

68
. J. B. Whitehead, ‘General Report on the Kingdom of Servia for the Year 1906', in David Stevenson (ed.),
British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print
, Part 1,
From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War
, Series F,
Europe, 1848–1914
, vol. 16,
Montenegro, Romania, Servia 1885–1914
, doc. 43, pp. 205–20, here p. 210.

69
. Michael Palairet,
The Balkan Economies c. 1800–1914. Evolution without Development
(Cambridge, 1997), p. 28.

70
. Ibid., pp. 86–7.

71
. Holm Sundhaussen,
Historische Statistik Serbiens. Mit europäischen Vergleichsdaten, 1834–1914
(Munich, 1989), pp. 26–8.

72
. Palairet,
Balkan Economies
, p. 23.

73
. Ibid., pp. 112, 113, 168; John R. Lampe, ‘Varieties of Unsuccessful Industrialisation. The Balkan States Before 1914',
Journal of Economic History
, 35 (1975), pp. 56–85, here p. 59.

74
. Palairet,
Balkan Economies
, p. 331.

75
. Martin Mayer, ‘Grundschulen in Serbien während des 19. Jahrhunderts. Elementarbildung in einer “Nachzüglergesellschaft”', in Norbert Reiter and Holm Sundhaussen (eds.),
Allgemeinbildung als Modernisierungsfaktor. Zur Geschichte der Elementarbildung in Südosteuropa von der Aufklärung bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Berlin, 1994), pp. 77–102, here pp. 87, 88, 91, 92.

76
. Andrei Simić,
The Peasant Urbanites. A Study of Rural-Urban Mobility in Serbia
(New York, 1973), pp. 28–59, 148–51.

77
. See Mira Crouch's reflections on interwar Belgrade in ‘Jews, Other Jews and “Others”: Some Marginal Considerations Concerning the Limits of Tolerance', in John Milfull (ed.),
Why Germany? National Socialist Anti-Semitism and the European Context
(Providence, 1993), pp. 121–38, here p. 125.

78
. Whitehead, ‘General Report . . . 1908', pp. 312–34, here p. 314.

79
. Cited in Violeta Manojlović, ‘Defense of National Interest and Sovereignty: Serbian Government Policy in the Bosnian Crisis, 1906–1909', MA thesis, Simon Fraser University, 1997, p. 58.

80
. Cited in ibid., pp. 68–9.

81
. Ibid., p. 3.

82
. Paul Miliukov,
Political Memoirs 1905–1917
, trans. Carl Goldberg (Ann Arbor, 1967), p. 182.

83
. Whitehead, ‘General Report . . . 1908', pp. 314–15.