The Sleepwalkers (111 page)

75
. Ullmann-Margalit, ‘Big Decisions', p. 11.

76
. Storck to MFA Vienna, Belgrade, telegram, 6 July 1914, HHStA, PA I, Liasse Krieg 810, fo. 223; according to this report, the British envoy Crackanthorpe had confided to Storck that he found the behaviour of his ‘colleagues of the Triple Entente more than strange'.

77
. Thus the suspicion of the Italian minister Cora, who had been present at various occasions (including the famous bridge party) on which Hartwig had ridiculed the dead archduke; see Storck to Berchtold, Belgrade, 13 July 1914, ibid., fo. 422.

78
. Giesl to Berchtold, Belgrade, 11 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10193, pp. 396–8; there is a further full report of the envoy's death in Strandmann to Sazonov, Belgrade, 11 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 1, vol. 4, doc. 164, p. 163.

79
. Cited in Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 277.

80
. Sazonov to Strandmann, St Petersburg, 13 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 1, vol. 4, doc. 192, p. 179.

81
. Descos to Viviani, Belgrade, 11 July 1914,
DDF
, 3rd series, vol. 10, doc. 499, pp. 719–21, here p. 721.

1
. Louis de Robien, ‘Arrivée en Russie', Louis de Robien MSS, AN 427, AP 1, vol. 2, fos. 1–2.

2
. Ibid., fos. 3–4.

3
. Ibid., fos. 6–7.

4
. Ibid., fos. 8–9.

5
. Ibid., fo. 13.

6
. Ibid., fo. 12.

7
. M. B. Hayne,
The French Foreign Office and the Origins of the First World War, 1898–1914
(Oxford, 1993), pp. 117–18.

8
. Maurice Paléologue,
Cavour
, trans. I. F. D. and M. M. Morrow (London, 1927), p. 69.

9
. Daeschner to Doulcet, Paris, 25 May 1914, AMAE, PA-AP, 240 Doulcet, vol. 21.

10
. Izvolsky to Sazonov, Paris, 15 January 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 1, doc. 13, pp. 14–16; Bertie to Grey, Paris, 26 January and 15 June 1912; see Bertie to Nicolson, 26 January 1912, TNA FO 800/165, fos. 133–4.

11
. De Robien, ‘Arrivée', fo. 10.

12
. Bertie to Nicolson, 26 January 1912, TNA FO 800/165, fos. 133–4; ‘lamentable choix': Gérard, ambassador to Japan, comments of 18 June 1914, reported in Georges Louis,
Les Carnets de Georges Louis
(2 vols., Paris, 1926), vol. 2, p. 125.

13
. Crowe, marginal comment on Bertie to Grey, Paris, 26 January 1912, cited in John Keiger,
France and the Origins of the First World War
(London, 1983), p. 5.

14
. Ibid., p. 51.

15
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, pp. 253–4, 133.

16
. Izvolsky to Sazonov, Paris, 15 January 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 1, doc. 13, pp. 14–16.

17
. Report on a conversation with Paléologue, early January 1914, in V. N. Strandmann,
Balkanske Uspomene
, trans. from the Russian into Serbian by Jovan Kachaki (Belgrade, 2009), p. 240.

18
. On Margerie's reputation for loyalty to Poincaré, see Sevastopulo (Russian chargé d'affaires, Paris) to Sazonov, Paris, 15 January 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 1, doc. 16, p. 19; on Margerie's affection and loyalty to Poincaré, see Bernard Auffray,
Pierre de Margerie, 1861–1942 et la vie diplomatique de son temps
(Paris, 1976), pp. 243–4; Keiger,
France and the Origins
, p. 51.

19
. ‘The French Army',
The Times
, 14 July 1914, p. 8, col. D; ‘French Military Deficiencies', ‘No Cause for Alarm',
The Times
, 15 July 1914, p. 7, col. A.; Gerd Krumeich,
Armaments and Politics in France on the Eve of the First World War. The Introduction of the Three-Year Conscription 1913–1914
, trans. Stephen Conn (Leamington Spa, 1984), p. 214; Keiger,
France and the Origins
, p. 149.

20
. Poincaré, diary entry 15 July 1914, Notes journaliéres, BNF 16027.

21
. Poincaré, diary entry 11 July 1914, ibid.

22
. Poincaré, diary entry 18 July 1914, ibid.

23
. Poincaré, diary entry 16 July 1914, ibid.

24
. Poincaré, diary entry 20 July 1914, ibid.

25
. Maurice Paléologue,
An Ambassador's Memoirs 1914–1917
, trans. Frederick A. Holt (London, 1973), p. 5.

26
. Luigi Albertini,
The Origins of the War of 1914
, trans, Isabella M. Massey (3 vols., Oxford, 1953), vol. 2, p. 189.

27
. Paléologue,
An Ambassador's Memoirs
, p. 4.

28
. Ibid., p. 5.

29
. Poincaré, diary entry 20 June 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027.

30
. Poincaré, diary entry 21 June 1914, ibid.

31
. Paléologue,
An Ambassador's Memoirs
, p. 10; Szapáry also reported an ‘indirect reference to the “Prochaska Affair”', see Szapáry to Berchtold, St Petersburg, 21 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10461, pp. 567–8; Friedrich Würthle,
Die Spur führt nach Belgrad
(Vienna, 1975), pp. 207, 330–31.

32
. Poincaré, diary entry 21 June 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027.

33
. Paléologue,
An Ambassador's Memoirs
, p. 10.

34
. Louis de Robien, ‘Voyage de Poincaré', AN 427 AP 1, vol. 2, fo. 54. Robien was not present when the words were said, but learned of their effect from Russian witnesses.

35
. Szapáry to Berchtold, St Petersburg, 21 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10461, p. 568; cf. for a different view of this exchange, Keiger,
France and the Origins
, p. 151, who argues that Szapáry was wrong to see a threat in the president's words.

36
. Poincaré, diary entry 21 June 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027.

37
. De Robien, ‘Voyage de Poincaré', fo. 55.

38
. Ibid., fo. 57.

39
. Poincaré, diary entry 21 June 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027.

40
. Poincaré, diary entry 22 June 1914, ibid.

41
. Christopher Andrew, ‘Governments and Secret Services: A Historical Perspective',
International Journal
, 34/2 (1979), pp. 167–86, here p. 174.

42
. De Robien, ‘Voyage de Poincaré', fos. 56–8.

43
. Paléologue,
An Ambassador's Memoirs
, p. 15.

44
. This anecdote is reported in a letter from Laguiche to the French ambassador in St Petersburg (then Georges Louis) and the French ministry of war dated 25 November 1912; which can be consulted in Service Historique de la Défence, Château de Vincennes, Carton 7 N 1478. I am grateful to Professor Paul Robinson of the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Ottawa for drawing my attention to this document and providing me with the reference.

45
. Paléologue,
An Ambassador's Memoirs
, p. 15.

46
. Poincaré, diary entry 22 June 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027.

47
. Poincaré, diary entry 23 June 1914, ibid.

48
. Paléologue,
An Ambassador's Memoirs
, pp. 16–17.

49
. De Robien, ‘Voyage de Poincaré', fo. 62.

50
. Ibid., fols. 62–3.

51
. Paléologue,
Cavour
, p. 70.

1
. ‘Protocols of the Ministerial Council held in Vienna on 19 July 1914',
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10393, pp. 511–14; Conrad von Hötzendorf,
Aus meiner Dienstzeit 1906–1918
(5 vols., Vienna, 1921–5), vol. 4, pp. 87-92.

2
. This question is raised in Czernin to Berchtold, ‘top secret', Sinaia, 27 July 1914, HHStA, PA I, Liasse Krieg 812, fos. 193–8.

3
. Szögyényi to MFA Vienna, Berlin, 14 July 1914, ibid., fo. 446.

4
. Ibid., fo. 512.

5
. Samuel R. Williamson,
Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War
(Houndmills, 1991), p. 203.

6
. Lewis Bernstein Namier,
In the Margin of History
(London, 1939), p. 247.

7
. Manfred Rauchensteiner,
Der Tod des Doppeladlers. Österreich-Urgarn und der Erste Weltkrieg
(Graz, 1994), p. 78.

8
. See the text of the Austrian note and ultimatum in
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10395, pp. 515–17.

9
. Wiesner to Berchtold (two telegrams), Sarajevo, 13 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, docs. 10252, 12253, pp. 436–7; on the impact of Wiesner's report, see Sidney Bradshaw Fay,
The Origins of the First World War
(2 vols., New York), vol. 2, pp. 236–9.

10
. Bernadotte Everly Schmitt,
Interviewing the Authors of the War
(Chicago, 1930), p. 22.

11
. Luigi Albertini,
The Origins of the War of 1914
, trans. Isabella M. Massey (3 vols., Oxford, 1953), vol. 2, pp. 90–97.

12
. Musulin had drafted point 6; it was revised by Berchtold, re-revised by Musulin and then reformulated by Forgách, ibid., vol. 2, pp. 255–6.

13
. Grey to Bunsen (ambassador in Vienna), reporting his conversation with Lichnowsky,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 91, pp. 73–4; Churchill cited in David Fromkin,
Europe's Last Summer. Who Started the Great War in 1914?
(New York, 2004), p. 184.

14
. Rambouillet Agreement, Interim Agreement for Peace and Self-Government in Kosovo, US State Department website at
http://www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/ksvo_rambouillet_text.html
.

15
. Ian Bancroft, ‘Serbia's Anniversary is a Timely Reminder', Guardian Unlimited, 24 March 2009, accessed at
http://global.factiva.com/ha/default.aspx.

16
. Crackanthorpe to Grey, Belgrade, 18 July 1914,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 80, pp. 64–5.

17
. Royal Legation of Serbia, London, to Netherlands MFA, 18 October 1912, NA 2.05.3, Ministerie van Buitenlandsa Zaken, doc. 648, Correspondentie over de Balkan-oorlog.

18
. Giesl to Berchtold, Belgrade, 23 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10526, p. 596.

19
. Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 285.

20
. Recollection of Ljuba Jovanović, cited in ibid., vol. 2, p. 347.

21
. These details were recalled by Gruić, cited in ibid., p. 347.

22
. Berchtold to Giesl, Vienna, 23 July 1014,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10519, p. 594.

23
. Strandmann to Sazonov, 24 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 5, doc. 35, p. 38.

24
. Thus the recollection of Colonel Pavlović divulged in conversations with Luciano Magrini in October 1915, during the Serbian retreat, see Magrini,
Il dramma di Seraievo. Origini i responsabilità della guerra europea
(Milan, 1929), pp. 203–5.

25
. Pašić to Spalajković, Belgrade, 24 July 1914,
DSP
, vol. 7/2, doc. 501; Regent Alexander to Tsar Nicholas II, transcript in Strandmann to Sazonov, 24 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 5, doc. 37, p. 39.

26
. Magrini,
Il dramma di Seraievo,
pp. 205–6.

27
. N. Pašić to Serbian legations abroad, Belgrade, 25 July 1914, British Foreign Office (ed.),
Collected Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War
(London, 1915), pp. 389–90.

28
. Crackanthorpe to Grey, Belgrade, 12.30 p.m., 25 July 1914,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 114, pp. 87–8.

29
. Spalajković to Pašić, St Petersburg, sent 6.15 p.m. 22 July 1914,
DSP
, vol. 7/2, doc. 484.

30
. Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 354.

31
. Spalajković to Pašić, St Petersburg, sent midnight 24 July 1914,
DSP
, vol. 7/2, doc. 527.

32
. Gale Stokes, ‘The Serbian Documents from 1914: A Preview',
Journal of Modern History
, 48 (1976), pp. 69–84, here p. 72. Spalojković to Pašić, St Petersburg, sent 1.40 a.m. 25 July (wrongly given as 24 July by the editors),
DSP
, vol. 7/2, doc. 503.

33
. Spalajković to Pašić, St Petersburg, 8 p.m. 25 July 1914,
DSP
, vol. 7/2, doc. 556.

34
. Spalajković to Pašić, St Petersburg, 3.22 p.m. 25 July 1914, same to same, 2.55 p.m. 26 July 1914, ibid., docs. 559, 556.

35
. On the impact of the telegrams from Russia, see Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, pp. 354–6; and specifically on Sazonov's rejection of points 5 and 6 of the ultimatum, see Magrini,
Il dramma di Seraievo
, p. 206; Stokes, ‘Serbian Documents'; cf. Mark Cornwall, ‘Serbia', in Keith M. Wilson (ed.),
Decisions for War 1914
(London, 1995), pp. 79–80. Cornwall, whose analysis of developments in Belgrade is unsurpassed, argues that the wording of the telegrams from St Petersburg was too vague to satisfy Pašić beyond any doubt that the Russians intended to come to Serbia's aid. It is true that Sazonov was vague – as indeed he was bound to be – on the details of what Russia would do and when, but my own view is that the steady crescendo of indications in Spalajković's cables must have sufficed to reassure the Serbian leadership that the Russians were on track to intervene. But it must be conceded that Serbian determination to resist was strong from the start, as is implied by Belgrade's handling of the crisis from the outset.

36
. On telegram transit and arrival times, see the editors' note on Spalajković to Pašić, St Petersburg, sent midnight 24 July 1914,
DSP
, vol. 7/2, doc. 527, and Stokes, ‘Serbian Documents'.

37
. Gruić's recollection cited in Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, pp. 363–4.

38
. Alexander Musulin von Gomirje,
Das Haus am Ballhausplatz. Erinnerungen eines österreich-ungarischen Diplomaten
(Munich, 1924), p. 241.

39
. Text of the reply (in French) in ‘Note der serbischen Regierung und die Belgrader Gesandtschaft', Belgrade, no date [25 July 1914],
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10648, pp. 660–63.

40
. Miloš Bogičević,
Le Procès de Salonique
,
Juin 1917
(Paris, 1927), p. 132; Joachim Remak,
Sarajevo. The Story of a Political Murder
(London, 1959), p. 207.

41
. Text of the reply (in French) in ‘Note der serbischen Regierung an die Belgrader Gesandschaft', Belgrade, no date [25 July 1947],
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10648, pp. 660–63.

42
. Roberto Segre,
Vienna e Belgrado 1876–1914
(Milan, [1935]), p. 78; see also James Joll,
The Origins of the First World War
(London, 1984), p. 13; Joachim Remak, ‘1914 – The Third Balkan War: Origins Reconsidered',
Journal of Modern History
, 43 (1971), pp. 353–66.

43
. See ‘Monarchiefeindliche Bilder im Belgrader Kriegsministerium', a note included in the dossier circulated to Austro-Hungarian legations after the receipt of the Serbian reply,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10654, pp. 665–704, here p. 704.

44
. Military attaché Belgrade to chief of General Staff, Belgrade, 25 July 1914, Kriegsarchiv Wien, AOL Evidenzbureau, 3506, 1914, Resumés d. vertraulichen Nachrichten – Italian, Russland, Balkan, ‘B' [Balkan]; N. Shebeko,
Souvenirs. Essai historique sur les origines de la guerre de 1914
(Paris, 1936), p. 231.

45
. My account of Giesl's departure is heavily indebted to Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 373.

46
. Berchtold to Mensdorff, Vienna, 24 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10599, p. 636.

47
. Macchio to Berchtold, Vienna, 25 July 1914; Berchtold to Macchio, Lambach, 25 July 1914, ibid., vol. 8, docs. 10703, 10704, pp. 731–2.

48
. Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, pp. 376–80.

49
. Spalajković to Serbian MFA in Niš, St Petersburg, 4.10 a.m. 26 July 1914,
DSP
, vol. 7/2, doc. 584.

50
. Franz Joseph, ‘The Imperial Rescript and Manifesto', 28 July 1914, trans. and repr. in ‘Austria-Hungary's Version of the War',
New York Times Current History of the European War
, 1/2 (1914: December 26), pp. 223–6, here p. 223, consulted online through Periodical Archives Online.

51
. Rapaport to Vredenburch, Belgrade, 28 July 1914, NA, 2.05.36, 9, Consulaat-Generaal Belgrado en Gezandschap Zuid-Slavië.

52
. Ernest Jones,
Sigmund Freud: Life and Work
(3 vols., London, 1953–7), vol. 2, p. 192.