The Sleepwalkers (112 page)

1
. Maurice Paléologue, diary entry 24 July 1914,
An Ambassador's Memoirs 1914–1917,
trans. Frederick A. Holt (London, 1973), p. 21.

2
. De Robien, ‘Copie des notes prises par Chambrun du 23 juillet au 3 août 1914', AN 427, AP 1, Louis de Robien MSS, vol. 2, fo. 2, opposite. This interesting source consists of notes appended by de Robien to the carbon copy of a typewritten account drawn up by Chambrun at the request of Viviani itemizing the ambassador's activities during the last days before the outbreak of war.

3
. Buchanan to Grey, 24 July 1914,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 101, p. 81.

4
. Paléologue, diary entry 24 July 1914,
An Ambassador's Memoirs
, p. 22.

5
. De Robien, ‘Copie des notes prises par Chambrun', fo. 2, opposite.

6
. Szapáry to Berchtold, St Petersburg, 24 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, docs. 10616, 10617, 10619, pp. 645, 646–7, 648.

7
. Thus Yanushkevich related the conversation to General Dobrorolsky, chief of the Russian army's Mobilization Department, see S. K. Dobrorolsky, ‘La Mobilisation de l'armée russe en 1914',
Revue d'Histoire de la Guerre Mondiale
, 1 (1923), pp. 53–69, 144–59, here p. 64; on the press release, see Paléologue, diary entry 25 July 1914,
An Ambassador's Memoirs
, p. 25.

8
. These citations, based on the unpublished memoirs of the minister of finance Peter Bark, are drawn from the transcriptions in D. C. B. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins of the First World War
(London, 1983), p. 142.

9
. A. Yu Ariev (ed.),
Sud'ba Veka. Krivosheiny
(St Petersburg, 2002), p. 76; see also the letters from Menshikov, one of the leading columnists of
Novoye Vremya
, to Krivoshein in RGIA, esp. F. 1571, op. 1, d. 181, ll. 2–3.

10
. H. H. Fisher (ed.),
Out of My Past. The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov
,
Russian Minister of Finance, 1904–1914, Chairman of the Council of Ministers, 1911–1914
, trans. Laura Matveev (Stanford, 1935), p. 349.

11
. See her letter to Krivoshein in RGIA, F. 1571, op. 1, d. 289, ll. 3, 7.

12
. From Bark's account of the meeting cited in Lieven,
Russia and the Origins
, pp. 142–3.

13
. Ibid., pp. 143–4.

14
. Sonderjournal des russischen Ministerrats, 24 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 5, doc. 19, pp. 25–6.

15
. Leonard Turner, ‘Russian Mobilisation in 1914',
Journal of Contemporary History
, 3/1 (1968), pp. 75–6.

16
. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins
, pp. 59–61; on the importance of the Russian decisions of 24 and 25 July, see also Jürgen Angelow,
Der Weg in die Urkatastrophe. Der Zerfall des alten Europa 1900–1914
(Berlin, 2010), p. 145.

17
. Bruce W. Menning, ‘Russian Military Intelligence, July 1914. What St Petersburg Perceived and Why It Mattered', unpublished typescript, p. 20: Dobrorolsky, ‘La Mobilisation de l'armée russe', pp. 64–7.

18
. Dobrorolsky, ‘La Mobilisation de l'armée russe', passim; Sidney Bradshaw Fay,
The Origins of the First World War
(2 vols., New York), vol. 2, pp. 286–300.

19
. Turner, ‘Russian Mobilisation', pp. 65–88, here p. 75; A. Knox,
With the Russian Army, 1914–1917
(2 vols., New York, 1921), vol. 1, p. 42.

20
. Luigi Albertini,
The Origins of the War of 1914
, trans. Isabella M. Massey (3 vols., Oxford, 1953), vol. 2, p. 558; Turner, ‘Russian Mobilisation'.

21
. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins
, pp. 144–5; Dobrorolsky, ‘La Mobilisation de l'armée russe', p. 68; Turner, ‘Russian Mobilisation', p. 76.

22
. Regulation Concerning the Period Preparatory to War of 2 March 1913, paraphrased in Fay,
Origins
, vol. 2, pp. 316–18.

23
. De l'Escaille to Davignon, St Petersburg, 26 and 27 July 1914, see also Buisseret to Davignon, St Petersburg, 26 July 1914, MAEB AD, Empire Russe, 34.

24
. Széchényi to MFA Vienna, Copenhagen, 26 July 1914, HHStA, PA, I. Liasse Krieg, 812, fo. 63.

25
. Hein to MFA Vienna, Kiev, 27 July 1914, ibid., fo. 226.

26
. Andrian to MFA Vienna, 27 July 1914, Szczakowa, 27 July 1914, ibid., fo. 237.

27
. Von Haydin to MFA Vienna, Moscow, 28 July 1914, ibid., fo. 3.

28
. Stürghk (excerpting report from Statthalter Galicia) to MFA Vienna, Vienna, 28 July 1914, ibid., fo. 26.

29
. Corossacz to MFA Vienna, Tiflis, 28 July 1914, ibid., fo. 69.

30
. On these reports, see Sean McMeekin,
The Russian Origins of the First World War
(Cambridge, MA, 2011), p. 62; on alarming concentrations of horses, Dobrorolsky, ‘La Mobilisation de l'armée russe', pp. 68–9.

31
. Paléologue, diary entry 25 July 1914,
An Ambassador's Memoirs
, p. 25.

32
. Buchanan to Grey, St Petersburg, 18 July 1914,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 60, p. 47.

33
. Fisher (ed.),
Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov
, pp. 346–7.

34
. Ibid., p. 347.

35
. Ignatiev to General Staff, Paris, 30 July 1914, RGVIA, Fond 15304 – Upravlenie Voennogo Agenta vo Frantsii, op. 2, d. 16, Reports and communications made with special notebooks, l. 38.

36
. Guillaume to Davignon, Paris, 30 July 1914, MAEB AD, France 12, Correspondance politique – légations.

37
. Paléologue to Quai d'Orsay, 6.30 p.m., 24 July 1914; 11 p.m., 24 July 1914; 4.45 p.m., 25 July 1914, all in rough copy, AMAE, PA-AP, Maurice Paléologue, Correspondance politique 1, fos. 30–32; this document is discussed in M. B. Hayne,
The French Foreign Office and the Origins of the First World War, 1898–1914
(Oxford, 1993), p. 298.

38
. Laguiche to French General Staff, excerpted in Paléologue to MFA Paris, St Petersburg, 26 July 1914, cited in McMeekin,
Russian Origins
, p. 69.

39
. Thus Sazonov reported the conversation to Paléologue, see Paléologue to Quai d'Orsay, 7.30 p.m., 26 July 1914, AMAE, PA-AP, Maurice Paléologue, Correspondance politique 1, fo. 35; Szapáry's report on this encounter emphasized the minister's warm and friendly tone, but closed with the suggestion that as Russian military preparations were already under way, this overture was merely an attempt to play for time,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10835, pp. 804–6.

40
. On 8 November 1912, a secret Russian Military Commission adopted new guidelines on the measures preceding full mobilization, see Fay,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 308.

41
. Paléologue to Quai d'Orsay, 4.45 p.m. 25 July 1914, in rough copy, AMAE, PA-AP, Maurice Paléologue, Correspondance politique 1, fol. 32 verso.

42
. Paléologue to Quai d'Orsay, 11.00 p.m. 24 July 1914, in rough copy, ibid., fol. 31 verso.

43
. McMeekin,
Russian Origins
, p. 34.

44
. Ronald Bobroff,
Roads to Glory. Late Imperial Russia and the Turkish Straits
(London, 2006), pp. 52–3.

45
. Mustafa Aksakal,
The Ottoman Road to War in 1914. The Ottoman Empire and the First World War
(Cambridge, 2008), p. 43; on the Graeco-Turkish naval race, see Paul G. Halpern,
The Mediterranean Naval Situation, 1908–1914
(Cambridge, MA, 1971), pp. 314–54.

46
. Grigorovich to Sazonov, 19 January 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 1, doc. 50, pp. 45–7.

47
. Sazonov to Benckendorff, St Petersburg, 8 May 1914, ibid., vol. 2, doc. 384, pp. 381–2, here p. 382; Aksakal,
Ottoman Road to War
, p. 46.

48
. Sazonov to Benckendorff, St Petersburg, 30 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 5, doc. 281, p. 195.

49
. On the Straits as a theme in Russian foreign policy, see Bobroff,
Roads to Glory
, passim; for an exposition of the view that control of the Bosphorus was the crucial motivating factor in Russian policy during the July Crisis, see McMeekin,
Russian Origins
, pp. 6–40, and pp. 98–114, where McMeekin highlights the growing importance of the Straits after the outbreak of war.

50
. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins
, pp. 45–7, 99–101.

51
. Dobrorolsky, ‘La Mobilisation de l'armée russe', p. 68.

1
. The classic account is A. T. Q. Stewart,
The Ulster Crisis
(London, 1969).

2
. See Ian F. W. Beckett,
The Army and the Curragh Incident 1914
(London, 1986); James Fergusson,
The Curragh Incident
(London, 1964).

3
. Zara S. Steiner,
Britain and the Origins of the First World War
(London, 1977), p. 215: Keith Jeffery,
Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson. A Political Soldier
(Oxford, 2006), p. 126.

4
. Asquith to Venetia Stanley, 30 June 1914, in Michael and Eleanor Brock (eds.),
H. H. Asquith. Letters to Venetia Stanley
(Oxford, 1985), p. 93.

5
. Asquith to Venetia Stanley, 24 July 1914, in ibid., p. 122.

6
. Grey to Bertie, London, 8 July 1914, Imanuel Geiss (ed,),
Julikrise und Kriegsausbruch 1914. Eine Dokumentensammlung
(2 vols., Hanover, 1934–4), vol. 1, doc. 55, p. 133;
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 38, p. 30.

7
. Grey to Buchanan, London, 8 July 1914, Geiss (ed,),
Julikrise
, vol. 1, doc. 56, pp. 133–5:
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 39, pp. 30–31.

8
. Conversations reported in Lichnowsky to Bethmann Hollweg, London, 9 July 1914, Geiss (ed.),
Julikrise
, vol. 1, doc. 60, pp. 136–7.

9
. Mensdorff to MFA Vienna, London, 17 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10337, pp. 480–81.

10
. Mensdorff to MFA Vienna, London, 24 July 1914, ibid., vol. 8, doc. 10660, p. 636.

11
. Steiner,
Britain and the Origins
, p. 222.

12
. Cited in H. D. Lasswell,
Propaganda Technique in the World War
(New York, 1927), p. 49.

13
. Adrian Gregory, ‘A Clash of Cultures. The British Press and the Opening of the Great War', in Troy E. Paddock (ed.),
A Call to Arms. Propaganda, Public Opinion and Newspapers in the Great War
(Westport, 2004), pp. 15–50, here p. 20.

14
.
John Bull
, 11 July 1914, p. 6; Niall Ferguson,
Pity of War
(London, 1998), p. 219; Gregory, ‘A Clash of Cultures', pp. 20–21.

15
. Bosković to Pašić, London, 12 July 1914, AS, MID – PO 412, fo. 36: the offending article is in
John Bull
, 11 July 1914, p. 6.

16
. Winston S. Churchill,
The World Crisis
(2 vols., London, repr. 1968), vol. 1, p. 114.

17
. Steiner,
Britain and the Origins
, pp. 224–5.

18
. Wilson's presentation to the Committee of Imperial Defence on 23 August 1911 is excerpted in
BD
, vol. 8, doc. 314, pp. 381–2.

19
. Cited in Michael Brock, ‘Britain Enters the War', in R. J. W. Evans and H. Pogge von Strandmann (eds.),
The Coming of the First World War
(Oxford, 1988), pp. 145–78, here pp. 150–51.

20
. See Trevor Wilson (ed.),
The Political Diaries of C. P. Scott 1911–1928
(London, 1970), pp. 96–7, 104.

21
. Brock, ‘Britain Enters the War', pp. 153–4.

22
. Grey to Rumbold, London, 20 July 1914,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 68, p. 54.

23
. On the incoherence and impracticability of Grey's ‘concert' proposal, see Sidney Bradshaw Fay,
The Origins of the First World War
(2 vols., New York), vol. 2, pp. 360–62.

24
. Buchanan to Grey, St Petersburg, 26 July 1914,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 155, p. 107.

25
. Nicolson to Grey, reporting ‘Communication by German Ambassador', 26 July 1914,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 146, p. 155.

26
. Benckendorff's long account of the conversation with Grey on 8 July confirms that the British foreign secretary did not contest Russia's view of the Serbian situation, but viewed the crisis exclusively in terms of the relationship between the two alliance groups, Benckendorff to Sazonov, London, 9 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 4, doc. 146, pp. 141–4.

27
. Buchanan to Grey, St Petersburg, 24 July 1914,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 101, pp. 80–82 (including minutes).

28
. Crowe, minute dated 25 July on Buchanan to Grey, St Petersburg, 24 July 1914,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 101, p. 81.

29
. Lichnowsky to Jagow, London, 29 July 1914, in Max Montgelas and Karl Schücking (eds.),
Deutsche Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch
, vol. 1, doc. 368, pp. 86–9, here p. 87.

30
. Grey to Goschen, London, 30 July 1914,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 303, pp. 193–4.

31
. On Grey's acceptance of the Austrian case against Serbia, see Steiner,
Britain and the Origins
, pp. 220–23.

32
. Poincaré, diary entry 25 July 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027.

33
. Ibid.,

34
. Ibid., emphasis added.

35
. Jean-Jacques Becker,
1914. Comment les français sont entrés dans la guerre
.
Contribution à l'étude de l'opinion publique printemps-été 1914
(Paris, 1977), p. 140; on French passivity, see John Keiger,
France and the Origins of the First World War
(London, 1983), pp. 166, 167; also id., ‘France', in Keith M. Wilson (ed.),
Decisions for War 1914
(London, 1995), pp. 121–49, esp. pp. 122–3.

36
. On Swedish public opinion, which was said to ‘live in fear of Russia', see Buisseret to Davignon, St Petersburg, 28 November 1913, MAEB AD, Russie 3, 1906–1914.

37
. The conversation is reported in Poincaré, diary entry 23 July 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027.

38
. Poincaré, diary entry 25 July 1914, ibid.

39
. Poincaré, diary entry 25 July 1914, ibid.

40
. Poincaré, diary entry 27 July 1914, ibid. The
France
was already sailing towards Copenhagen when the decision was made to return to Paris.

41
. Ibid.

42
. Ibid.

43
. Ibid.

44
. Ibid.

45
. Poincaré, diary entry 28 July 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027.

46
. Keiger, ‘France', in Wilson (ed.),
Decisions
, p. 123; Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, p. 313.

47
. Poincaré, diary entry 29 July 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027.

48
. Joseph Caillaux,
Mes Mémoires
(3 vols., Paris, 1942–7), vol. 3,
Clairvoyance et force d'âme dans mes épreuves, 1912–1930
, pp. 169–70.

49
. Poincaré, diary entry 29 July 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027.

50
. Laguiche to Messimy, St Petersburg, 26 July 1914,
DDF
, 3rd series, vol. 11, doc. 89, pp. 77–8.

51
. The page is missing from the manuscript at the Bibliothèque Nationale, see Poincaré, diary entry 29 July 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027, fo. 124. The last paragraph records that the British have asked Sazonov to express a view on the idea of convening a four-power ambassadors' conference in London to resolve the Austro-Serbian issue and closes tantalizingly with the fragment: ‘Sazonoff a malheureusement' –.

52
. Caillaux,
Mes Mémoires
, vol. 3, pp. 170–71.

53
. Sazonov to Izvolsky, St Petersburg, 29 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 5, doc. 221, pp. 159–60; also Note de l'Ambassade de Russie. Communication d'un télégramme de M. Sazonoff, 30 July 1914,
DDF
, 3rd series, vol. 11, doc. 301, pp. 257–8.

54
. Stefan Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik in der Julikrise 1914. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Ausbruchs des Ersten Weltkriegs
(Munich, 2009), p. 321.

55
. Excerpted in Viviani to Paléologue and Paul Cambon, Paris, 30 July 1914,
DDF
, 3rd series, vol. 11, doc. 305, pp. 261–3; my interpretation of this document follows Schmidt's in
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, pp. 317–20.

56
. See Keiger, ‘France', in Wilson (ed.),
Decisions for War
, pp. 121–49, here p. 147.

57
. Gabriel Hanotaux,
Carnets (1907–1925)
, ed. Georges Dethan, Georges-Henri Soutou and Marie-Renée Mouton (Paris, 1982), pp. 103–4.

58
. Poincaré, diary entry 30 July 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027; on this linkage see Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, p. 322.

59
. Izvolsky to Sazonov, Paris, 30 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 5, doc. 291, pp. 201–2, emphasis added; see also the discussions in Keiger, ‘France', p. 127; Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, pp. 323–4.

60
. Cited in Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, p. 326. Schmidt argues that mobilization without concentration was probably what Messimy meant when he referred to an acceleration without ‘mass transports of troops'.

61
. Poincaré, diary entry 30 July 1914, Notes journalières, BNF 16027.

62
. Dobrorolsky, ‘La Mobilization de l'armée russe', p. 147; the article ‘Rossiya khochet mira, no gotova voine' appeared in the
Birzheviia Vedomosti
and was republished in the nationalist organ
Rech
on 13 March 1914.

63
. Dobrorolsky, ‘La Mobilization de l'armée russe', p. 147.

64
. Ibid., pp. 148–9.

65
. Baron M. F. Schilling (ed.),
How the War Began in 1914. Being the Diary of the Russian Foreign Office from the 3rd to the 20th (Old Style) of July, 1914
, trans. W. Cyprian Bridge (London, 1925), p. 62.

66
. Sazonov,
Les Années fatales
, p. 216.

67
. Ibid., pp. 217–20; there is an excellent account of these events in Fay,
Origins
, vol.2, pp. 450–81.

68
. Dobrorolsky, ‘La Mobilization de l'armée russe', p. 151.

69
. These discrepancies are discussed in Bruce W. Menning, ‘Russian Military Intelligence, July 1914. What St Petersburg Perceived and Why It Mattered', unpublished typescript, p. 23; see also Ministère des affaires étrangères (ed.),
Documents diplomatiques, 1914. La guerre européenne. Pièces relatives aux négotiations qui ont précédé la déclaration de guerre de l'Allemagne à la Russie at à la France
(Paris, 1914), doc. 118, p. 116; on other omissions and suppressions, see also Konrad G. W. Romberg,
The Falsifications of the Russian Orange Book
, trans. W. Cyprian Bridge (London, [1923]).

70
. Telegram no. 1538 to London, Paris, Vienna, Berlin and Rome, 28 July 1914, cited in Schilling,
How the War Began
, p. 44.

71
. Telegram no. 1539 to Berlin, Paris, London, Vienna and Rome, 28 July 1914, cited in ibid.

72
. Telegram from Benckendorff to Sazonov, cited in Sazonov,
Les Années fatales
, pp. 200–201.

73
. Cited in Schilling (ed.),
How the War Began
, p. 43.

74
. On Sazonov's view of Bethmann's warning, see Luigi Albertini,
The Origins of the War of 1914
, trans. Isabella M. Massey (3 vols., Oxford, 1953), vol. 2, p. 491; Horst Linke,
Das Zarische Russland und der Erste Weltkrieg. Diplomatie und Kriegsziele, 1914–1917
(Munich, 1982), p. 33; on the exchange with Pourtalès, see ‘16/29 July', Schilling (ed.),
How the War Began
, pp. 48–9.

75
. ‘15/28 July', ibid, p. 43.

76
. De l'Escaille to Davignon, St Petersburg, 30 July 1914, MAEB AD, Empire Russe 34, 1914; this telegram, which was intercepted by the Germans and published during the war, became a well known fixture in the post-war war-guilt debate, see e.g. German Foreign Office (ed.),
Belgische Aktenstücke, 1905–1914
(Berlin, [1917]); see also Bethmann Hollweg,
Betrachtungen zum Weltkrieg
(2 vols., Berlin, 1919), vol. 1, p. 124.

77
. Telegram of Kaiser Wilhelm to the Tsar, Berlin, 29 July 1914, cited in Schilling (ed.),
How the War Began
, p. 55.

78
. See, for example, Herman Bernstein, ‘Kaiser Unmasked as Cunning Trickster Who Plotted for War While He Prated of Peace. “Nicky” Telegrams Reveal Czar as No Better, Falling Readily into Snares that “Willy” Set',
Washington Post
, 18 September 1917, cutting in AMAE NS, Russie 45 Allemagne-Russie; Herman Bernstein,
The Willy-Nicky Correspondence. Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Tsar
(New York, 1918); Sidney B. Fay, ‘The Kaiser's Secret Negotiations with the Tsar, 1904–5',
American Historical Review
, 24 (1918), pp. 48–72; Isaac Don Levine (ed.),
The Kaiser's Letters to the Tsar. Copied from Government Archives in Petrograd and Brought from Russia by Isaac Don Levine
(London, 1920). These early editions do not include the sequence of cables exchanged by the two sovereigns in 1914, probably because the latter were not in fact personal telegrams, but diplomatic cables and thus archived separately from the personal correspondence of the monarch – I owe this insight to John Röhl, to whom warm thanks.

79
. Michael S. Neiberg,
Dance of the Furies, Europe and the Outbreak of World War I
(Cambridge, MA, 2011), p. 116.

80
. Sergei Dmitrievich Sazonov,
Les Années fatales
(Paris, 1927), p. 218.

81
. Ibid., pp. 218–19.

82
. Menning, ‘Russian Military Intelligence', pp. 13–18; D. C. B. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins of the First World War
(London, 1983), pp. 148–9.

83
. Tschirschky to Bethmann Hollweg, Vienna, 2 July 1910, reporting a conversation between Kulakovsky and Sukhomlinov, PA-AA, R 10894.

84
. Menning, ‘Russian Military Intelligence', pp. 30–31.

85
. Cited in V. R. Berghahn and W. Deist, ‘Kaiserliche Marine und Kriegsausbruch 1914',
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
, 1 (1970), pp. 37–58; Albert Hopman (senior official in the Imperial Naval Office), diary entries 6 and 7 July 1914, in Michael Epkenhans (ed.),
Albert Hopman. Das ereignisreiche Leben eines ‘Wilhelminers'. Tagebücher, Briefe, Aufzeichnungen, 1901 bis 1920
(Oldenbourg, 2004), pp. 383, 385.

86
. Biedermann (Saxon plenipotentiary in Berlin) to Vitzthum (Saxon foreign minister), Berlin, 17 July 1914, in Geiss (ed.),
Julikrise
, vol. 1, doc. 125, pp. 199–200.

87
. Bethmann Hollweg to ambassadors in St Petersburg, Paris and London, Berlin, 21 July 1914, in ibid., doc. 188, pp. 264–6, here p. 265.

88
. Annika Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War
(Cambridge, 2001), pp. 190–93, 196; on German confidence in German military preparedness, see Mark Hewitson,
Germany and the Causes of the First World War
(Oxford, 2006), passim.

89
. Cited in L. C. F. Turner,
Origins of the First World War
(London, 1973), p. 86.

90
. Cited in Ulrich Trumpener, ‘War Premeditated? German Intelligence Operations in July 1914',
Central European History
, 9 (1976), pp. 58–85, here p. 64.