The Sleepwalkers (119 page)

Port Arthur (Lüshun) 152, 153, 176, 426

Portsmouth 144

Portugal, colonies 142, 146, 335

Poti 136

Potiorek, Oskar, governor of Bosnia 76, 100, 393

   and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 367, 374, 386, 394, 637
n
47

   target for Serb nationalists 48, 55, 370

Potsdam 413

   war council (December 1912) 329–30, 333, 354, 517

Potsdam Accord (1910) 167, 189, 314

Pourtalès, Count Friedrich 224–5, 233, 316, 420, 511, 513, 526, 552

press:

   Austrian 88, 236, 380–81, 388

   British 129, 199, 200, 203, 227, 231, 235–6, 322, 406, 492–3, 541

   French 228, 229, 230–31, 232, 234–5, 406, 419–20

   German 163, 203, 229, 230, 232, 234, 235–6, 363

   Italian 226, 229, 231

   Romanian 405

   Russian 226–7, 229, 230, 231–2, 235, 236, 264–5, 280, 307, 420

   Serbian 228, 230, 236, 387–9, 424

press wars 203, 235–6, 363

Pressburg (Bratislava) 425

Preston, Andrew 240

Prilep 253, 256, 257

Princip, Gavrilo 49–56, 369, 372, 374–5, 381–3, 385, 386, 556

Prinetti-Barrère Accord (1902) 155, 244

Prizren 283, 284

Prochaska, Oskar 283

   Prochaska affair (1912) 231, 283, 445

Protić, Stojan 46, 57, 390, 463

Prussia:

   Austro-Prussian War (1866) 65, 136, 292, 469

   Prussian-Danish War (1864) 174

public opinion:

   Austria 378–81

   Britain 227, 229, 236–8, 492–3, 541

   France 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 238, 406, 500–501

   Germany 226, 228–9, 234, 404, 526–7

   Italy 226, 229, 405–6

   Romania 405, 406

   Russia 227–8, 229, 231–2, 233–4, 238, 355

   Serbia 228, 387, 405

Puerto Rico 152, 180, 183

Putnik, Radomir 58, 99, 256

Racconigi Bargain (1909) 93, 244

Radenković, Bogdan 38

Radical Party (Serbia) 7, 8, 10, 17–18, 19, 36, 39, 46

Radoslavov, Vasil 276, 278

railways:

   in Africa 146, 196, 336

   Anatolian Railway 145, 251, 335–6, 337

   Baghdad Railway 251, 336–7, 338, 363

   French 331

   German 331

   in Manchuria 153

   Oriental Railway Company 117–18

   Russian 139, 223, 305, 308, 322, 331, 352, 420, 421

   Smyrna Railway 145

Rambouillet Agreement (1999) 456–7

Ranke, Leopold von 23

Rathenau, Walter 361

Razvechik
(journal) 420

Reagan, Ronald 99

Rech
(newspaper) 280

Redl, Alfred 115–16, 514

   ‘Redl Affair' (1913) 115–16, 117, 362

Redlich, Joseph 377, 395

Reichspost
(Austrian newspaper) 88, 380, 381

Reininghaus, Gina von (
later
Countess Conrad von Hötzendorf) 102–4, 360

Reininghaus, Hans von 103

Reinsurance Treaty (1887) 121, 125–6

   non-renewal 127, 129, 130, 143, 181, 197

Relugas Compact (1905) 202

Remak, Joachim 385

Renoult, René 503

Reval (Tallinn) 235

Revoil, Paul 156

Rhodes, Sir Cecil 145–6, 174, 180

Rhodesia 145

Ribot, Alexandre 299, 301

Riezler, Kurt 422, 471, 517–18, 601
n
87, 643
n
52

Rijeka 92

Rivet, Charles 312

Rizov, Dimitar 81, 257

Robien, Count Louis de 433–6, 437, 445, 447, 450, 472, 651
n
2

Rodd, Sir Rennell (
later
1st Baron Rennell) 405

Romania:

   Austro-Romanian relations 81–2, 114, 115, 278–9, 400, 401, 414

   Balkan Wars (1912-13) 42, 258, 275–6, 278

   border disputes with Bulgaria 91, 275–6

   monarchy 170

   press 405

   realignment towards Triple Entente 278–9, 398, 406

   territorial claims in Austro-Hungary 278, 414, 424, 452

Romanians, in Hungary 66, 71, 81–2, 91, 397, 398, 404

Roosevelt, Theodore 76, 179, 182, 228, 512, 580
n
41

Rossiya
(journal) 230, 232

Roth, Joseph,
The Radetzky March
73, 378

Roumelia 126

Rouvier, Maurice 157, 194

Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria 72, 106

Rukhlov, Sergei 220

Runciman, Walter (
later
1st Viscount

Runciman of Doford) 543

Russia:

   Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 87, 111, 123, 139–40, 158, 167, 174, 187–8, 322–4, 325–6, 363, 536, 545–6

   Council of Ministers 177–8, 185–90, 220, 346, 418, 475

   Crimean War (1853-56) 136, 250

   economy 308, 311–13, 324, 326–7, 331–2

   Franco-Russian Alliance (1892-94) 123, 127–31, 132, 138, 139, 143–4, 153–4, 191, 293–4, 304–8, 313, 350–51, 444, 475, 505–6, 548, 557, 559

   German declaration of war against (1 August 1914) 527

   loans from France 308, 312, 332, 352, 419–20

   pan-Slavism 17, 78, 126, 190, 229, 236, 279–80, 418, 484

   Potsdam Accord (1910) 167, 189

   preparations for war 475–87, 495–6, 503–515, 524–7

   press 80, 226–7, 229, 230, 231–2, 235, 264–5, 307, 420

   Racconigi Bargain (1909) 93, 244

   railways 139, 223, 305, 308, 322, 331, 352, 420, 421

   Reinsurance Treaty with Germany (1887) 121, 125–6, 127, 129, 130, 143, 181, 197

   Revolution of 1905 186

   Three Emperors' Leagues (1873/1881) 79, 83, 125, 126, 128

   trade treaties with Germany 128, 144, 272

Russian air force 479

Russian army:

   expenditure 215, 217, 218, 238, 267, 328, 331–2

   mobilizations: (1912) 266, 267–9, 283, 477, 481; (1914) 468, 473, 475–80, 482–4, 486, 496, 503–515, 524–7, 530, 535–6, 553–4

   rearmament and redeployment 31, 219–20, 223, 238, 267, 304, 311–12, 328, 331, 351–2, 419–21, 474, 547

   size 331–2, 420, 468

Russian navy:

   Black Sea fleet 136, 153, 340, 341, 421, 477, 485, 557

   expenditure 421

   Franco-Russian Naval Convention (1912) 131, 304, 540

   losses in Russo-Japanese War 153

   mobilization 477, 536

   
see also
naval talks, Anglo-Russian

Russkoe Slovo
(newspaper) 226

Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) 81, 87, 140, 152–3, 154, 157, 159, 166–7, 177, 184, 186, 231, 323, 426, 474

Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) 125, 250, 273

Ruthenes 67, 70, 71

Å abac 57

St Petersburg 434, 552–3

   French embassy 434–5

   Krasnoye Selo 447

   military district 478, 483

Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of 139, 361, 591
n
64

Salonika (Thessaloniki) 253, 255, 256, 459, 574
n
128

Salza and Lichtenau, Baron Hermann von 416

Sambre, River 494, 549

Samoa 151, 152, 163

Samouprava
(Serbian newspaper) 230, 287

Samuel, Herbert (
later
1st Viscount Samuel) 543

San Giovanni di Medua (Medva) 283

San Giuliano, Antonino Paternò-Castello, Marquis di 246–7, 248, 406, 427

Sanderson, Sir Thomas 139

Sanjak of Novi Pazar 28, 43, 256, 262, 300–301, 612
n
60

Sarajevo 367–76

Sarantaporos pass 253

Save, River 469

Savinsky, Alexander 277, 361

Sazonov, Sergei, Russian foreign minister 71, 159, 192, 225, 227, 346, 359, 389, 420, 551

   and Albanian independence 282, 284, 285, 287, 461

   and Anglo-Russian Convention 322, 323

   and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 408–9, 411

   and Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) 428, 462, 463, 465, 471–3, 480–81, 483, 486, 497, 499, 649
n
35, 656
n
51

   background, character and career 188–9, 272

   Balkan Wars and winter crisis 1912-13 260, 261–9, 275–6, 302, 323, 349–50, 481

   Baltic Port Russo-German meetings (1912) 315–18, 510

   and death of Hartwig 432

   illness 259

   and Liman von Sanders mission in Constantinople 339, 340, 341–2, 343–4, 345, 349

   memoirs xxii mobilization of army and preparations for war (July 1914) 475–6, 477, 480–81, 483–4, 485, 486, 504–5, 508–511, 513–14

   and Poincaré's state visit to St Petersburg (July 1914) 445–6, 448–9

   Potsdam Accord (1910) 189

   and proposed financial assistance to Bulgaria 276, 277

   relations with Paléologue 438

   relations with press 230, 233–4

   and Romania 278, 279

   and Serbo-Bulgarian alliance (1912) 262, 296, 324, 620
n
193

   and Turkish Straits question 260–61, 262, 264, 340–41, 347–9, 352, 355, 485

   visits Britain (1912) 322, 354

Scavenius, Eric 479

Schelde, River 494, 549

Schleswig-Holstein 160

Schlieffen, Alfred von 216, 327

Schlieffen Plan 216, 331, 332, 531, 561

Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly xxii–xxiii, 454, 642
n
30

Schneider-Creusot (industrial conglomerate) 29

Schnitzler, Arthur 377, 379

Schoen, Wilhelm von 195, 359, 502

Schwarzenberg, Prince Charles 72

Schwertfeger, Bernhard xxii Scouting movement 237–8

Scutari (Shkodër) 253, 256, 283, 284, 285, 287, 330

Second Balkan War (June-July 1913) 42–3, 99, 258, 276, 285, 352

   Treaty of Bucharest 258, 278, 285, 459

   
see also
Balkan Wars (1912-13) Selborne, William Palmer, 2nd Earl of 138, 592
n
84

Selves, Justin de 192, 205, 206, 209, 211

Semipalatinsk 554

Semlin 469

Senden Bibran, Baron Gustav von 148

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks xxvii

Serbia:

   Austrian declaration of war against (28 July 1914) 469–70

   Constitution 8, 10, 14, 43, 465

   conventions and trade treaties with Austria 28–9, 33, 79, 94, 228

   coup of 1903 3–5, 12–16, 19–20, 29, 79, 460

   customs union with Bulgaria 80–81, 228

   economy 29–33, 94, 350

   education and literacy 32

   elections 7, 10, 47, 388, 458–9, 460

   financial backing from France 29–31, 33, 38, 43, 46–7, 100, 276, 357

   independence and kingdom status 6, 79

   literature and song-culture 22–4, 42, 51

   militias and guerilla groups (
see also
Black Hand) 6–7, 17, 26, 27, 33, 35, 411–12, 456, 464

   monarchy 5–11, 14, 79–80, 170, 452

   Muslim population 25, 31, 44

   nationalism and development of

   foreign policy xxvi–xxvii, 10, 20–27, 29, 33–8, 47, 63–4, 256–7, 558

   peasantry 6–7, 17, 31, 32, 33 ‘pig war' with Austria (1906-9) 29, 31, 276

   political crisis of May 1914 46–7, 59, 113–14

   press 228, 230, 236, 387–8, 424

   response to Austrian ultimatum

   (July 1914) 457–69

   Serbo-Bulgarian alliance (1912) 252, 256, 262–3, 274, 296, 324, 352, 354

   Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885) 7, 79, 126

   territorial annexations of Balkan Wars 43–6, 62, 99–100, 112–13, 253, 256–8, 280, 283, 284, 285–8, 292, 330, 357, 484

   
see also
Serbian army; Serbian navy

Serbia, Yugoslav Republic 456–7

Serbian army:

   funding 10, 17, 19–20, 43, 100, 357

   growth and modernization 43, 99–100, 109, 357, 426

   mobilization 467

   relations with civilian authorities 10, 16, 33, 45–6, 97

Serbian Empire (14th century) 21, 22, 44

Serbian National Defence
see
Narodna Odbrana

Serbian navy 109

Serbs:

   in Austria-Hungary 22, 24, 26, 67, 71, 76, 82, 84, 88

   in Bosnia 23, 24, 25, 51, 74, 76, 82, 83

Seven Years War (1756-63) 143

Shcheglovitov, Ivan 220

Shebeko, Nikolai 407–8, 427, 509, 514

shipbuilding:

   Austrian 109

   British 150

   German 147–50, 152, 318–19, 329, 330

   Russian 421

   Turkish 341, 485

Siberia 176

Siebert, Benno von 421

Simon, John, 1st Viscount 493, 542

Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) 137, 138, 140, 158

Å koda (industrial conglomerate) 29

Skopje (Üsküb) 44, 112, 256, 257, 299

Skutari 93

Slovaks 67, 81

Slovenes 67, 70, 81, 84

Smyrna Railway 145

Social Democratic Party (Germany; SPD) 228, 526–7

Sofia 258

Solferino, Battle of (1859) 65

Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg
see
Chotek, Countess Sophie

Sösemann, Bernd 643
n
52

South Africa:

   Boer War (1899-1902) 134, 138, 144, 147, 163, 166, 174, 217, 227

   Transvaal 145–7, 149, 159, 163, 164, 174, 180

Soviet Union xxii, xxiii–xxiv, 69, 251

Spain 135, 152, 157, 205, 231

Spalajković, Miroslav: and Agram-Friedjung treason trials 89–90

   and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 389, 405, 407, 411, 455

   and Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) 461, 462–3, 468–9, 649
n
35

   background, character and career 90, 359

   on Libyan War 244

   minister in St Petersburg 280, 359, 389, 395