The Sleepwalkers (98 page)

84
. Jovan Cvijić,
The Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Serb Problem
(London, 1909), p. 14; on his influence on Pašić, see Vladimir Stojancević, ‘Pašićevi pogledi na resavanje pitanja Stare Srbije i Makedonije do 1912. godine', in Vasilije Krestic,
Nikola Pašić. Zivot i delo. Zbornik radova za Naucnog Skupa u Srpskoj Akademiji Nauka i Utmetnosti
(Belgrade, 1997), pp. 284–301, here p. 285.

85
. Prince Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich,
The Servian People. Their Past Glory and Destiny
(New York, 1910), p. 142.

86
. Behschnitt,
Nationalismus
, p. 108.

87
. MacKenzie, ‘Officer Conspirators', pp. 130–31; id.,
Apis
, p. 63.

88
. Cited in Milorad Radusinović, ‘Antanta i aneksiona kriza',
Istorija 20. Veka
, 9 (1991), pp. 7–22, here p. 9.

89
. Aleksandar Pavlović,
Liudi i dogadaji, ideje i ideali
(Belgrade, 2002), pp. 30–38. Pavlović was a social-democrat politician and a member of Belgrade's intellectual elite – this edition of his diary, whose existence had been unknown to the public, was published by his daughters in 2002.

90
. Cited in Manojlović, ‘Defense of National Interest and Sovereignty', p. 78.

91
. Radusinović, ‘Antanta i aneksiona kriza', p. 18

92
. Cited in Milan St. Protić,
Radikali u Srbjii: Ideje i Pokret
(Belgrade, 1990), p. 246.

93
. Manojlović, ‘Defense of National Interest and Sovereignty', p. 109.

94
. Milovije Buha,
‘Mlada Bosna' – Sarajevski atentat. Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva
(Sarajevo, 2006), p. 171.

95
. Behschnitt,
Nationalismus
, p. 117.

96
. For details on the foundation of Ujedinjenje ili smrt!, see MacKenzie, ‘Serbia as Piedmont', pp. 153–82; id.,
Apis
, pp. 64–8; Dragoslav Ljubibratic,
Mlada Bosna i Sarajevski atentat
(Sarajevo, 1964), pp. 35–7; Behschnitt,
Nationalismus
, pp. 115–17.

97
. Buha,
‘Mlada Bosna'
, p. 170.

98
.
Pijemont
, 12 November 1911, cited in Bataković, ‘Nikola Pašić', pp. 143– 69, here p. 158; the link with proto-fascism is also made in Vladimir Dedijer and Branko Pavičević, ‘Dokazi za jednu tezu',
Novi Misao
(Belgrade), June 1953.

99
. Cited in Joachim Remak,
Sarajevo. The Story of a Political Murder
(London, 1959), p. 46; on Jovanović's authorship and involvement, see David MacKenzie, ‘Ljuba Jovanović-Čupa and the Search for Yugoslav Unity',
International History Review
, 1/1 (1979), pp. 36–54.

100
. Dedijer,
Road to Sarajevo
, p. 379.

101
. Remak,
Sarajevo
, p. 49.

102
. Cited in MacKenzie,
Apis
, p. 71.

103
. Vojislav Vučković,
Unutrašnje krize Srbije i Prvi Svetski Rat
(Belgrade, 1966), p. 179.

104
. Bataković, ‘Nikola Pašić', p. 160.

105
. MacKenzie,
Apis
, p. 73.

106
. Ugron to Aehrenthal, Belgrade, 12 November 1911, HHStA Vienna, PA Serbien XIX 62, no. 94a.

107
. Buha,
‘Mlada Bosna'
, pp. 143, 175.

108
. See, for example,
Politika
, Belgrade, 18 August 1910, which hails Žerajić as a ‘noble scion of [his] race' whose name ‘is spoken today among the people as something sacred'. The article appeared to mark the birthday of King Petar Karadjordjević; it is cited in the Austrian ‘Red Book', but sourced here online at
http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:0YxuZRIgw9YJ:www.geocities.com/veldes1/varesanin.html+%22bogdan+zerajic%22=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=uk&ie=UTF-8
.

109
. Remak,
Sarajevo
, pp. 36–7.

110
. Dedijer,
Road to Sarajevo
, p. 236; Jean-Jacques Becker, ‘L'ombre du nationalisme serbe',
Vingtième Siècle
, 69 (2001), pp. 7–29, here p. 13.

111
. Paget to Grey, Belgrade, 6 June 1913, TNA, FO 371/1748.

112
. Crackanthorpe to Grey, Belgrade, 7 September 1913, ibid., fos. 74–6.

113
. Carnegie Foundation,
Enquête dans les Balkans
, p. 144; Katrin Boeckh,
Von den Balkankriegen zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Kleinstaatenpolitik und ethnische Selbstbestimmung auf dem Balkan
(Munich, 1996), pp. 125–6.

114
. Boeckh,
Von den Balkankriegen
, p. 164.

115
. Peckham to Crackanthorpe, Üsküb, 23 October 1913; Crackanthorpe to Grey, Belgrade, 17 November, TNA, FO 371/1748, fos. 147–8, 158.

116
. Greig to Crackanthorpe, Monastir, 25 November 1913, ibid., fo. 309.

117
. Greig to Crackanthorpe, Monastir, 30 November 1913, ibid., fos. 341–50, here fo. 341.

118
. Greig to Crackanthorpe, Monastir, 16 December 1913, ibid., fo. 364.

119
. Greig to Crackanthorpe, Monastir, 24 December 1913,TNA, FO 371/2098, fos. 11–15, here fos. 13–14.

120
. Marginal note by ‘RGV' (Robert Gilbert Vansittart) on Foreign Office Circular, 9 December 1913, TNA, FO 371/1748, fo. 327.

121
. See Pašić's comments, dated 3 April 1914, appended to Djordjević to Foreign Ministry Belgrade, Constantinople, 1 April 1914, in
DSP
(7 vols., Belgrade, 1980), vol. 7/1, doc. 444, p. 586.

122
. Assistance was refused on the grounds that the Russian member of the team, Paul Miliukov, was an ‘enemy of Serbia' because he had spoken before the Duma in support of autonomy for Macedonia; see Boeckh,
Von den Balkankriegen
, p. 172.

123
. Remak,
Sarajevo
, p. 57.

124
. Buha,
‘Mlada Bosna'
, pp. 173–4.

125
. On the radicalizing effect of the wars on the Serbian army: Descos to Doumergue, Belgrade, 7 May 1914,
DDF
, 3rd series, vol. 10, doc. 207, pp. 333–5.

126
. Whether Apis intended to carry out such a coup is unclear and still disputed, see MacKenzie,
Apis
, pp. 119–20; on the links between the Black Hand and the parliamentary opposition, see Vučković,
Unutrašnje krize
, p. 187.

127
. Dedijer,
Road to Sarajevo
, p. 389.

128
. Apis claimed during his trial at Salonika in 1917 that he had entrusted the agent Rade Malobabić with organizing all the details of the assassination. Whether the whole of Ujedinjenje ili smrt! was involved, or just a coterie of officers and agents around Apis is controversial, see David MacKenzie,
The ‘Black Hand' on Trial: Salonika, 1917
(Boulder, 1995), pp. 45, 261–2; Fritz Würthle,
Die Sarajewoer Gerichtsakten
(Vienna, 1975), Miloš Bogičević,
Le Procès de Salonique, Juin 1917
(Paris, 1927), pp. 36, 63; MacKenzie,
Apis
, pp. 258–9.

129
. Bogičević,
Procès de Salonique
, pp. 78–80, 127.

130
. Luigi Albertini,
The Origins of the War of 1914
, trans. Isabella M. Massey (3 vols., Oxford, 1953), vol. 2, p. 73; MacKenzie,
Apis
, p. 128.

131
. Session of 12 October 1914, transcribed in Albert Mousset,
Un drame historique: l'attentat de Sarajevo
(Paris, 1930), p. 131.

132
. Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, pp. 86–8.

133
. Köhler,
Prozess
, p. 44.

134
. Remak,
Sarajevo
, p. 63.

135
. Köhler,
Prozess
, p. 4.

136
. Ibid., p. 23.

137
. On the vexed question of Bosnia's economic condition relative to Serbia, see Evelyn Kolm,
Die Ambitionen Österreich-Ungarns im Zeitalter des Hochimperialismus
(Frankfurt am Main, 2001), pp. 235–40; Robert J. Donia,
Islam under the Double Eagle. The Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1878– 1914
(New York, 1981), p. 8; Peter F. Sugar,
The Industrialization of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1878–1918
(Seattle, 1963); Palairet,
Balkan Economies
, pp. 171, 231, 369; Robert A. Kann, ‘Trends towards Colonialism in the Habsburg Empire, 1878–1918: The Case of Bosnia-Hercegovina 1878– 1918', in D. K. Rowney and G. E. Orchard (eds.),
Russian and Slavic History
(Columbus, 1977), pp. 164–80; Kurt Wessely, ‘Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung von Bosnien-Herzegowina', in Wandruszka and Urbanitsch (eds.),
Die Habsburgermonarchie
, vol. 1, pp. 528–66.

138
.
The Mountain Wreath
is not strictly speaking about Miloš Obilić, but his name, which occurs twenty times in the course of the text, is repeatedly invoked as the symbol of all that is best in the Serbian tradition of courageous and sacrificial struggle. For a full text in English with a useful critical apparatus, see
http://www.rastko.rs/knjizevnost/njegos/njegos-mountain _wreath.html
.

139
. Testimony of Gavril Princip in Professor Pharos (pseud.),
Der Prozess gegen die Attentäter von Sarajewo
(Berlin, 1918), p. 40.

140
. Köhler,
Prozess
, p. 41.

141
. Ibid., pp. 30, 53.

142
. Ibid., p. 5.

143
. Ibid., p. 6.

144
. Ibid., p. 6.

145
. Ibid., p. 9.

146
. Ibid., p. 24.

147
. Ibid., pp. 137, 147.

148
. Ibid., pp. 145–6, 139.

149
. On Čubrilović's fights with his teachers, see Zdravko Antonić, ‘Svedočenje Vase Čubrilovića o sarajevskom atentatu i svom tamnovanju 1914–1918',
Zbornik Matice srpske za istoriju
, 46 (1992), pp. 163–80, here pp. 165, 167.

150
. Ljuba Jovanović, ‘Nach dem Veitstage des Jahres 1914',
Die Kriegsschuldfrage. Berliner Monatshefte für Internationale Aufklärung
, 3/1 (1925), pp. 68–82, here pp. 68–9; on the significance of this document, see Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 90; but this version of events is not universally accepted: see, for example, Buha, ‘
Mlada Bosna'
, p. 343, who argues (from the lack of any direct proof) that Pašić knew of the boys' crossing, but was ignorant of the nature of their mission; see also Bataković, ‘Nikola Pašić', p. 162; Stanković,
Nikola Pašić
, esp. p. 262.

151
. The evidence for Pašić's knowledge before the fact is discussed in Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, pp. 90–97 – Albertini focuses on the testimony from L. Jovanović, reinforced by the supposition that Ciganović was Pašić's agent; Albertini's collaborator Luciano Magrini added two further testimonies from Pašić associates, recorded during the war, see id.,
Il dramma di Seraievo. Origini i responsabilità della guerra europea
(Milan, 1929), pp. 106–8, 114–16. The information available at the time is judiciously appraised in Sidney Bradshaw Fay,
The Origins of the First World War
(2 vols., New York, 1929), vol. 2, pp. 140–46; Hans Uebersberger,
Österreich zwischen Russland und Serbien. Zur südslawischen Frage und der Entstehung des Ersten Weltkrieges
(Cologne, Graz, 1958), pp. 264–5 supplements this evidence with a scribbled note in Pašić's hand referring to ‘schoolboys', ‘bombs' and ‘revolvers' found among the papers of the Serbian Foreign Ministry. Vladimir Dedijer's extremely detailed account of the background to the plot,
Road to Sarajevo
, concedes that Pašić probably knew in advance of the plot, but proposes that he did so only because he was able to intuit its existence from the incomplete information he had to hand. The more recent accounts, including Friedrich Würthle's very detailed
Die Spur führt nach Belgrad
(Vienna, 1975), offer a range of interpretations, but add no new evidence to this corpus.

152
. The evidence for Ciganović's role as informant is indirect but strong, see Bogičević,
Procès de Salonique
, pp. 32, 131–2; Fay,
Origins
, vol. 2, pp. 146–8; and Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 98. Pašić's nephew was also a member of Ujedinjenje ili smrt!

153
. See Chief of Podrinje District to Protić, Sabac, 4 June 1914; Protić to Pašić (with a summary of reports from the border), Belgrade, 15 June 1914; Chief of Podrinje District to Commander 5th Border Guards at Loznice, Sabac, 16 June 1914; Commander of Drina Divisional Area, Valevo, to Minister of War, 17 June 1914,
DSP
vol. 7, docs. 155, 206, 210, 212, pp. 290, 337–9, 344–5, 347.

154
. Minister of the Interior to Chief of Podrinje District in Sabac, 10 June 1914, ibid., reply from Protić appended to doc. 155, p. 290.

155
. Chief of Podrinje District to Protić, Sabac, ‘Top Secret', 14 June 1914, ibid., doc. 198, p. 331.

156
. Captain 4th Border Guards to Commander 5th Border Area, 19 June 1914; Commander 5th Border Area to Chief of General Staff, same date, ibid., both appended to doc. 209, p. 343; see also Dedijer,
Road to Sarajevo
, pp. 390–91; Buha,
‘Mlada Bosna'
, p. 178.

157
. The full Serbian text of Apis's court deposition can be found in Milan Z. Živanović,
Solunski process hiljadu devetsto sedamnaeste. Prilog zaproucavanje politicke istorije Srbije od 1903. do 1918. god.
(Belgrade, 1955), pp. 556–8; see also MacKenzie,
‘Black Hand' on Trial
, p. 46.

158
. Royal General Staff Reporting Department (Apis) to General Staff Operational Department, 21 June 1914, in
DSP
, vol. 7/2, doc. 230, pp. 364–5.

159
. Pašić to Stepanović, Belgrade, 24 June 1914, in ibid., doc. 254, pp. 391–2.

160
. Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 99; Stanković,
Nikola Pašić, saveznivi i stvaranje Jugoslavije
, p. 40.

161
. See ‘Die Warnungen des serbischen Gesandten',
Neue Freie Presse
, 3 July 1914, p. 4.

162
. ‘Note de M. Abel Ferry', 1 July 1914,
DDF
, series 3, vol. 10, doc. 466, pp. 670–71.

163
. Testimony of Lešanin, reported in Magrini,
Il dramma di Seraievo
, p. 115.

164
. Letter of Jovanović to
Neues Wiener Tageblatt
, 177, 28 June 1924, cited in Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 105; Bogičević,
Procès de Salonique
, pp. 121–5; Magrini,
Il dramma di Seraievo
, pp. 115–16; Fay,
Origins
, vol. 2, pp. 152–66.

165
. Remak,
Sarajevo
, p. 75.

166
. Ibid., p. 74; Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 102.

167
. Vučković,
Unutrašnje krize
, p. 192.

168
. Stanković,
Nikola Pašić. Prilozi za biografiju
, p. 264.

169
. Radusinović, ‘Antanta i aneksiona kriza', p. 18.

170
. Stanković,
Nikola Pašić, saveznivi i stvaranje Jugoslavije
, pp. 30–32; Dragnich,
Serbia, Nikola Pašić and Yugoslavia
, p. 106.

171
. Stanković,
Nikola Pašić, saveznivi i stvaranje Jugoslavije
, p. 36.

172
. Ibid., p. 41.

173
. On Pašić's understanding of Russian Balkan policy, see A. Šemjakin, ‘Rusofilstvo Nikole Pasica', p. 28.

174
. Cited in Behschnitt,
Nationalismus
, p. 128.

175
. Reports from the Serbian military attaché in St Petersburg are summarized in Protić to Pašić, Belgrade, 12 June 1914; there were further excited reports of Russian military preparedness in the Serbian embassy in Belgrade (Spalajković) to Minister of Foreign Affairs, St Petersburg, 13 June 1914,
DSP
, vol. 7, docs. 185, 189, pp. 317, 322.

176
. Bogičević,
Procès de Salonique
, p. iii.