The Sleepwalkers (105 page)

174
. Fuller,
Civil-Military Conflict
, p. 210.

175
. Kohlhaas, memorandum to Pourtalès, Moscow, 3 December 1912, PA-AA, R 10895.

176
. Guillaume to Davignon, Paris, 5 May 1913, MAEB AD, France 11, 1914.

177
. Keith Robbins, ‘Public Opinion, the Press and Pressure Groups', in F. H. Hinsley (ed.),
British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey
(Cambridge, 1977), pp. 70–88, here p. 72; Geppert,
Pressekriege
, pp. 59–69.

178
. Denis Mack Smith,
Italy and Its Monarchy
(New Haven, 1989), p. 191.

179
. D. W. Spring, ‘Russia and the Coming of War', in R. J. W. Evans and H. Pogge von Strandmann (eds.),
The Coming of the First World War
(Oxford, 1988), pp. 57–86, here pp. 59–60.

180
. Report from an unnamed German journalist on the
Lokal-Anzeiger
of St Petersburg, forwarded in Pourtalès to Bethmann, St Petersburg, 17 March 1911, PA-AA, R 10544.

181
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, pp. 43–4.

182
. McDonald,
United Government
, pp. 133, 134, 191.

183
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, p. 47.

184
. Krumeich,
Armaments and Politics
, pp. 46–7.

185
. Fuller,
Strategy and Power in Russia
, pp. 419–20.

186
. Buisseret to Davignon, St Petersburg, 17 January 1914, 27 March 1914, 9 June 1914, MAEB AD, Empire Russe 34, 1914.

187
. Leopold Kammerhofer,
Diplomatie und Pressepolitik 1848–1918
, in Adam Wandruszka and Peter Urbanitsch (eds.),
Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918
(10 vols., Vienna, 1973–2006), vol. 6/1,
Die Habsburger Monarchie im System der internationalen Beziehungen
, pp. 459–95, here pp. 489–90; Joseph Goričar and Lyman Beecher Stowe,
The Inside Story of Austro-German Intrigue or How the World War Was Brought About
(New York, 1920).

188
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, p. 45.

189
. On subsidies to journalists in St Petersburg: Pourtalès to Bethmann Hollweg, St Petersburg, 2 December 1911, PA-AA, R 10544; on British subsidies: Mulligan,
Origins of the First World War
, p. 169.

190
. Georges Louis to Political and Commercial Department, MFA, St Petersburg, 24 February 1912, AMAE NS Russie 41.

191
. Genther Kronenbitter,
‘Krieg im Frieden'. Die Führung der k.u.k. Armee und die Grossmachtpolitik Österreich-Ungarns 1906–1914
(Munich, 2003), p. 450.

192
. ‘English money': Count Mirbach-Sorquitten to Bethmann Hollweg, 3 July 1914, PA-AA, R 10544; Constantinople: Sean McMeekin,
The Berlin– Baghdad Express. The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power 1898–1918
(London, 2010), p. 69.

193
. Jules Cambon to Maurice Paléologue, Berlin, 10 May 1912, AMAE PA-AP, 43 Cambon Jules, 56, fo. 204.

194
. Jules Cambon to Raymond Poincaré, Berlin, 26 October 1912, AMAE PAAP, 43 Cambon Jules 56, fos. 51–2.

195
. Moltke to Bethmann, 2 December 1912 PA-AA Berlin, R789.

196
. Krumeich,
Armaments and Politics
, p. 48; Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, pp. 216–18, 227.

197
. Cited in H. Temperley and L. Penson,
Foundations of British Foreign Policy from Pitt to Salisbury
(Cambridge, 1938), pp. 519–20.

198
. Justin de Selves to Georges Louis, 21 August 1911,
DDF
, 2nd series, vol. 14, doc. 200, pp. 255–6; Louis to de Selves, 1 September 1911, ibid., doc. 234, pp. 305–7.

199
. Tschirschky to Bethmann Hollweg, reporting a conversation with Jovanović, 18 November 1912; Pourtalès to Bethmann Hollweg, reporting a conversation with Sazonov, St Petersburg, 10 December 1912, PA-AA, R 10895.

200
. Pourtalès to Bethmann Hollweg, St Petersburg, 17 November 1912, ibid.; on this practice in Russian diplomacy, see also Geyer,
Russian Imperialism
, p. 315.

201
. Ronald Bobroff, ‘Behind the Balkan Wars. Russian Policy towards Bulgaria and the Turkish Straits, 1912–13',
Russian Review
, 59/1 (2000), pp. 76–95, here p. 79.

202
. Pourtalès to Bülow, St Petersburg, 11 December 1908,
GP
, vol. 26/1, doc. 9187, pp. 387–8; Wilhelm II to Franz Joseph, Berlin, 26 January 1909,
GP
, vol. 26/2, doc. 9193, pp. 401–2; Nicholas II to Wilhelm II, St Petersburg, 25 January 1909,
GP
, vol. 26/2, doc. 9194, pp. 402–4.

203
. Grey to Asquith, 13 September 1911, cited in Kiessling,
Gegen den grossen Krieg?
, p. 40; Pourtalès to Bethmann Hollweg, St Petersburg, 12 February 1910, PA-AA, R 10894.

204
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, p. 160.

205
. Radolin to Bethmann Hollweg, Paris, 10 February 1910, PA–AA, R 10894.

206
. Guillaume to Davignon, 5 January 1914, MAEB AD, France 12, 1914.

207
. Geppert,
Pressekriege
, pp. 123, 230.

208
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, p. 192.

209
. Geppert,
Pressekriege
, p. 358.

210
. Tatishchev to Nicholas II, 27 February 1913, GARF, Fond 601, op. 1, del 746 (2).

211
. Rosenberger,
Zeitungen
, passim; Geppert,
Pressekriege
, p. 27.

212
. Friedrich von Bernhardi,
Germany and the Next War
, trans. Allen H. Powles (London, 1912), esp. chap. 1.

213
. Kiessling,
Gegen den grossen Krieg?
, pp. 70, 99.

214
. James Joll,
1914: The Unspoken Assumptions. An Inaugural Lecture Delivered 25 April 1968
(London, 1968).

215
. On ‘defensive patriotism' as the default position of all the European public spheres, see Mulligan,
Origins
, p. 159.

216
. R. B. Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher, ‘To-day and to-morrow', in id.,
To-day and To-morrow and Other Essays
(London, 1910), p. 13; id.,
Modern War and Peace
(Cambridge, 1912), p. 19.

217
. Cited in John Gooch, ‘Attitudes to War in Late Victorian and Edwardian England' in id.,
The Prospect of War: Studies in British Defence Policy, 1847–1942
(London, 1981), pp. 35–51.

218
. On ‘sacrificial ideology', see Alexander Watson and Patrick Porter, ‘Bereaved and Aggrieved: Combat Motivation and the Ideology of Sacrifice in the First World War',
Historical Research
, 83 (2010), pp. 146–64; on positive depictions of conflict, see Glenn R. Wilkinson, ‘“The Blessings of War”: The Depiction of Military Force in Edwardian Newspapers',
Journal of Contemporary History
, 33 (1998), pp. 97–115.

219
. Cited in C. E. Playne,
The Pre-War Mind in Britain: A Historical Review
(London, 1928), p. 148.

220
. For an excellent account of these issues, see Zara Steiner, ‘Views of War: Britain Before the Great War – and After',
International Relations
, 17 (2003), pp. 7–33.

221
. Fuller,
Civil-Military Conflict
, p. 197, id.,
Strategy and Power
, p. 395.

222
. Krümeich,
Armaments and Politics
, pp. 101–2; Herrmann,
The Arming of Europe
, p. 194.

223
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, p. 150; Herrmann,
The Arming of Europe
, pp. 113–14.

224
. Playne,
The Pre-War Mind
, pp. 147–8.

225
. Brendan Simms,
The Impact of Napoleon. Prussian High Politics, Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Executive, 1797–1806
(Cambridge, 1997).

226
. Andrew Preston,
The War Council: McGeorge Bundy, the NSC, and Vietnam
(Cambridge, MA, 2006).

227
. Philip E. Mosely, ‘Russian Policy in 1911–12',
Journal of Modern History
, 12 (1940), pp. 69–86, here p. 86.

1
. G. F. Abbott,
The Holy War in Tripoli
(London, 1912), pp. 192–5.

2
. Lt-Col Gustavo Ramaciotti,
Tripoli. A Narrative of the Principal Engagements of the Italian-Turkish War
(London, 1912), p. 117.

3
. Ernest N. Bennett,
With the Turks in Tripoli. Being Some Experiences of the Turco-Italian War of 1911
(London, 1912), pp. 24–5.

4
. Ibid., p. 77.

5
. George Young,
Nationalism and War in the Near East
(Oxford, 1915).

6
. ‘M. Miroslaw Spalaïkovitch', interview with Spalajković in
La Revue Diplomatique
, 31 July 1924, cutting filed in AS, Personal fonds Miroslav Spalajković, Fiche 101, fo. 95.

7
. William C. Askew,
Europe and Italy's Acquisition of Libya 1911–1912
(Durham, NC, 1942), p. 19; on the incorporation of a Libyan guarantee into the second renewal of the Triple Alliance in 1887, see Holger Afflerbach,
Der Dreibund. Europäische Grossmacht-und Allianzpolitik vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg
(Vienna, 2002), p. 691.

8
. R. J. B. Bosworth,
Italy, the Least of the Great Powers. Italian Foreign Policy before the First World War
(Cambridge, 1979), pp. 137–8.

9
. Enrico Serra, ‘La burocrazia della politica estera italiana', in R. J. B. Bosworth and Sergio Romano (eds.),
La Politica estera italiana (1860–1985)
, (Bologna, 1991), pp. 69–90, here p. 80.

10
. Miles Ignotus (pseud.), ‘Italian Nationalism and the War with Turkey',
Fortnightly Review
, 90 (December 1911), pp. 1084–96, here pp. 1088–91; Askew,
Europe and Italy's Acquisition of Libya
, pp. 25, 27; Francesco Malgeri,
Guerra Libica (1911–1912)
(Rome, 1970), pp. 37–96.

11
. On socialist jingoism at the time of the invasion, see Bennett,
With the Turks
, p. 7.

12
. Bosworth,
Italy
, p. 151.

13
. Pietro di Scalea to San Giuliano, 13 August 1911, cited in ibid., p. 158.

14
. Thus Grey summarized his conversation with the ambassador in a subsequent letter to Sir Rennell Rodd, see Grey to Rodd, 28 July 1911, TNA FO 371/1250, fo. 311.

15
. Bosworth,
Italy
, pp. 152–3.

16
. Grey to Nicolson, London, 19 September 1911,
BD
, vol. 9/1, doc. 231, p. 274.

17
. Bosworth,
Italy
, p. 159; Afflerbach,
Dreibund
, p. 693.

18
. Cited in Bosworth,
Italy
, p. 160.

19
. The ambassador was the former secretary of state for foreign affairs Marschall von Bieberstein, who strongly opposed the Italian campaign. On the tensions in German policy, see W. David Wrigley, ‘Germany and the Turco-Italian War, 1911–1912',
International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
, 11/3 (1980), pp. 313–38, esp. pp. 315, 319–20; also Malgeri,
Guerra Libica
, p. 138; Afflerbach,
Dreibund
, pp. 693–4.

20
. Malgeri,
Guerra Libica
, p. 119.

21
. Memorandum San Giuliano to Giolitti, Fiuggi, 28 July 1911, in Claudio Pavone,
Dalle carte di Giovanni Giolitti: quarant'anni di politica italiana
(3 vols., Milan, 1962), vol. 3,
Dai prodromi della grande guerra al fascismo, 1910–1928
, doc. 49, pp. 52–6.

22
. Timothy W. Childs,
Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya
(Leiden, 1990), pp. 44–5.

23
. Report San Giuliano to Giolitti, 28 July 1911, in Pavone,
Dalle carte
, pp. 52–6.

24
. Childs,
Italo-Turkish Diplomacy
, pp. 46–7.

25
. Chevalier Tullio Irace,
With the Italians in Tripoli. The Authentic History of the Turco-Italian War
(London, 1912), pp. 11–12.

26
. For a good account of the fighting around Tripoli in October and November 1911, despite a strong pro-Italian bias, see W. K. McLure,
Italy in North Africa. An Account of the Tripoli Enterprise
(London, 1913), pp. 60–109; on international reports of Italian atrocities and Arab resistance more generally, see Malgeri,
Guerra Libica
, pp. 195 and 165–94.

27
. Texts of the treaties and the Imperial
Ferman
conceding autonomy in Childs,
Italo-Turkish Diplomacy
, pp. 243–53.

28
. Sergio Romano,
La Quarta Sponda: La Guerra di Libia, 1911–1912
(Milan, 1977), p. 14.

29
. Malgeri,
Guerra Libica
, pp. 303, 306–8, 309.

30
. Ibid., pp. 327–9.

31
. Paul Cambon to Poincaré, 25 January 1912,
DDF
, 3rd series, vol. 1, doc. 516, pp. 535–8, here p. 536.

32
. On the failure of the ‘concert system' in the last years before the war, see Richard Langhorne,
The Collapse of the Concert of Europe. International Politics, 1890–1914
(New York, 1981), esp. pp. 97–107; Günther Kronenbitter, ‘Diplomatisches Scheitern: Die Julikrise 1914 und die Konzertdiplomatie der europäischen Grossmächte', in Bernhard Chiari and Gerhard P. Gross (eds.),
Am Rande Europas? Balkan – Raum und Bevölkerung als Wirkungsfelder militärischer Gewalt
(Munich, 2009), pp. 55–66. F. R. Bridge, ‘Österreich(-Urgarn) unter der Grossmächten', in Wandruszka and Urbanitsch (eds.),
Die Habsburgermonarchie
, vol. 6/1, pp. 196–373, here pp. 329–32.

33
. Rainer Lahme,
Deutsche Aussenpolitik 1890–1894. Von der Gleichgewichtspolitik Bismarcks zur Allianzstrategie Caprivis
(Göttingen, 1990), pp. 316–337, 494.

34
. Cited in William L. Langer,
The Franco-Russian Alliance, 1890–1894
(Cambridge, 1929), p. 83.

35
. Treadway,
Falcon and Eagle
, pp. 88–9.

36
. Andrew Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans. Inter-Balkan Rivalries and Russian Foreign Policy, 1908–1914
(Toronto, 1981), p. 36.

37
. Richard C. Hall,
The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913. Prelude to the First World War
(London, 2000), p. 11.

38
. Cited in Robert Elsie (ed.),
Kosovo. In the Heart of the Balkan Powder Keg
(Boulder, 1997), p. 333.

39
. Figures calculated from Hall,
Balkan Wars
, p. 24.

40
. Richard C. Hall,
Bulgaria's Road to the First World War
(Boulder, 1997), pp. 78–9.

41
. Alex N. Dragnich,
Serbia, Nikola Pašić and Yugoslavia
(New Brunswick, 1974), p. 101

42
. Rapaport (Netherlands Consul-General) to Vredenburch (Netherlands minister in Bucharest, formally responsible for Serbia), Belgrade, 23 March 1913, NA, 2.05.36, 9 Consulaat-Generaal Belgrado en Gezantschap Zuid-Slavië.

43
. Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans
, p. 161; Ivan T. Teodorov,
Balkanskite voini (1912–1913). Istorischeski, diplomaticheski i strategicheski ocherk
(Sofia, 2007), p. 182.

44
. Teodorov,
Balkanskite voini
, pp. 259, 261.

45
. Kiril Valtchev Merjansky, ‘The Secret Serbian-Bulgarian Treaty of Alliance of 1904 and the Russian Policy in the Balkans before the Bosnian Crisis', MA thesis, Wright State University, 2007, pp. 19, 27, 52, 79.

46
. Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans
, p. 175.

47
. Rapaport to Vredenburch, Belgrade, 27 May 1913, NA, 2.05.36, doc. 9, Consulaat-Generaal Belgrado en Gezantschap Zuid-Slavië, 1891–1940.

48
. Philip E. Mosely, ‘Russian Policy in 1911–12',
Journal of Modern History
, 12 (1940), pp. 73–4; Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans
, pp. 12, 15.

49
. Ronald Bobroff,
Roads to Glory. Late Imperial Russia and the Turkish Straits
(London, 2006), pp. 23–4.

50
. See David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, ‘Russian Foreign Policy: 1815–1917', in D. C. B. Lieven (ed.),
Cambridge History of Russia
(3 vols., Cambridge, 2006), vol. 2,
Imperial Russia, 1689–1917
, pp. 554–74, here p. 573.

51
. Cited in Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans
, p. 27.

52
. V. N. Strandmann,
Balkanske Uspomene
, trans. from the Russian into Serbian by Jovan Kachaki (Belgrade, 2009) pp. 238–9.

53
. Hartwig to Neratov, Belgrade, 6 October 1911 in
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 1, part 2, doc. 545.

54
. Mosely, ‘Russian Policy', p. 74; for an account of these developments, see Edward C. Thaden, ‘Charykov and Russian Foreign Policy at Constantinople in 1911',
Journal of Central European Affairs
, 16 (1956–7), pp. 25–43; also Alan Bodger, ‘Russia and the End of the Ottoman Empire', in Marian Kent (ed.),
The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire
(London, 1984), pp. 76–110; Bobroff,
Roads to Glory
, pp. 24–5.

55
. Buchanan to Nicolson, St Petersburg, 21 March 1912,
BD
, vol. 9/1, doc. 563, pp. 561–2; Edward C. Thaden,
Russia and the Balkan Alliance of 1912
(University Park, TX, 1965), pp. 56–7 and ‘Charykov and Russian Foreign Policy at Constantinople', in id. and Marianna Forster Thaden,
Interpreting History. Collective Essays on Russia's Relations with Europe
(Boulder, 1990), pp. 99–119.

56
. Bobroff,
Roads to Glory
, pp. 26–7.

57
. Ibid., pp. 30–31.

58
. Sazonov to Izvolsky, St Petersburg, 2 October 1912, AVPRI, Fond 151 (PA), op. 482, d. 130, l. 5.

59
. Sazonov, conversation with Nekliudov, Davos, October 1911, cited in Thaden,
Russia
, p. 78.

60
. For Sazonov's belief that the Austrians would have occupied the Sanjak if the Russians had not ‘bound' Vienna with a status quo agreement, see Sazonov, Confidential letter to the Russian ambassadors in Paris, London, Berlin, Vienna, Rome, Constantinople, Sofia, Belgrade, Cetinje, Athens, Bucharest and St Petersburg, 18 October 1912, AVPRI, Fond 151 (PA), op. 482, d. 130, ll. 79–81.

61
. Katrin Boeckh,
Von den Balkankriegen zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Kleinstaatenpolitik und ethnische Selbstbestimmung aufden Balkan
(Munich, 1996), pp. 26–7; David Stevenson,
Armaments and the Coming of War. Europe 1904–1915
(Oxford, 1996), pp. 232–3.

62
. Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans
, p. 45.

63
. On the secret articles and the subsequent military convention of 12 May 1912, see Boeckh,
Von den Balkankriegen
, pp. 25–7; Thaden,
Russia
, pp. 56, 101, 103; Bobroff,
Roads of Glory
, pp. 43–4.

64
. Sazonov to Benckendorff, 24 October 1912, transcribed in ‘Pervaya Balkanskaya voina (okonchanie)',
KA
, 16 (1926), pp. 3–24, doc. 36, p. 9; see also Benno Siebert (ed.),
Benckendorffs diplomatischer Schriftwechsel
(3 vols., Berlin, 1928), vol. 2, doc. 698, pp. 462–3; David M. McDonald,
United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia 1900–1914
(Cambridge, MA, 1992), p. 180.

65
. McDonald,
United Government
, Cambridge, MA, 1992 p. 181.

66
. Radoslav Vesnić,
Dr Milenko Vesni
ć
, Gransenjer Srbske Diplomatije
(Belgrade, 2008), p. 296.

67
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, p. 234; Ernst Christian Helmreich,
The Diplomacy of the Balkan Wars, 1912–1913
(Cambridge, MA, 1938), p. 153; Thaden,
Russia
, p. 113.

68
. Helmreich,
Balkan Wars
, pp. 156–7.

69
. Conversation with Sazonov reported in Buchanan to Grey, 18 September 1912,
BD
, vol. 9/1, doc. 722, pp. 693–5, here p. 694.

70
. Sazonov to Nekliudov, St Petersburg, 18 October 1912, AVPRI Fond 151 (PA), op. 482, d. 130, ll. 69–70.

71
. Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans
, pp. 87–8.

72
.
Novoye Vremya
, cited in Buchanan to Grey, 30 October 1912,
BD
, 9/2, doc. 78, pp. 63–6.

73
. Sazonov to Izvolsky, Benckendorff, Sverbeev etc., 31 October 1912,
KA
, vol. 16, doc. 45, cited in Bobroff,
Roads to Glory
, p. 48.

74
. Buchanan to Grey, 30 October 1912,
BD
, vol. 9/2, doc. 78, pp. 63–6; Sazonov to Krupensky (Russian ambassador in Rome), St Petersburg, 8 November 1912; Sazonov to Hartwig, St Petersburg, 11 November 1912, both in AVPRI, Fond 151 (PA), op. 482, d. 130, ll. 110, ll. 121–121 verso.

75
. Sazonov to Hartwig, ‘secret telegram', St Petersburg, 11 November 1912, AVPRI, Fond 151 (PA), op. 482, d. 130, ll. 121–2; ‘Note de l'ambassade de Russie', 12 November 1912,
DDF
, 3rd series, vol. 4, doc. 431, pp. 443–4; Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans
, p. 97.

76
. Pourtalès to Bethmann Hollweg, St Petersburg, 17 November 1912, PA-AA, R 10895.

77
. Sazonov to Izvolsky, St Petersburg, 14 November 1912, in Friedrich Stieve (ed.),
Der diplomatische Schriftwechsel Iswolskis, 1911–1914
(Berlin, 4 vols., 1925), vol. 2,
Der Tripoliskrieg und der Erste Balkankrieg
, doc. 566, p. 345.

78
. Report by Buchanan dated 28 November 1912, cited in L. C. F. Turner,
Origins of the First World War
(London, 1973), p. 34; see also supporting comment from Pourtalès in Pourtalès to Bethmann Hollweg, St Petersburg, 17 November 1912, PA-AA, R 10895.

79
. Buchanan to Nicolson, St Petersburg, 9 January 1913,
BD
, vol. 9, doc. 481, p. 383.

80
. Cited in Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans
, p. 109; on Russia's inability more generally to ‘set and follow its own agenda', see Hew Strachan,
The First World War
(Oxford, 2001), p. 20.

81
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, p. 234; Helmreich,
Russia and the Balkans
, pp. 157–62.

82
. Sazonov to Kokovtsov, ‘highly confidential', St Petersburg, 23 October 1912, AVPRI, Fond 151 (PA), op. 482, d. 130, ll. 46–46 verso.

83
. Ibid., ll. 47–47 verso.

84
. V. I. Bovykin,
Iz istorii vozniknoveniya pervoi mirovoi voiny: Otnosheniya Rossii i Frantsii v 1912–1914 gg
(Moscow, 1961), pp. 136–7.

85
. Bruce W. Menning, ‘Russian Military Intelligence, July 1914.What St Petersburg Perceived and Why It Mattered', unpublished typescript.

86
. Laguiche to Ministry of War, St Petersburg, 16 December 1912, cited in Stevenson,
Armaments
, p. 237.

87
. McDonald,
United Government
, p. 185.

88
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, p. 260.

89
. Bovykin,
Iz istorii vozniknoveniya
, pp. 152–3.

90
. On the response in Vienna to this overture, see Tschirschky to MFA Vienna, 28 December 1912; Zimmermann to Tschirschky, Berlin, 3 January 1913, Tschirschky to Bethmann Hollweg, Vienna, 2 January 1913,
GP
, vol. 34/1, docs. 12580, 12605, 12607, pp. 91, 117–9, 120–21.