The Sleepwalkers (103 page)

10
. Nicolson,
King George the Fifth
, p. 175.

11
. Cited in Miranda Carter,
The Three Emperors. Three Cousins, Three Empires and the Road to World War One
(London, 2009), p. 82.

12
. D. C. B. Lieven,
Nicholas II. Emperor of All the Russias
(London, 1993), p. 117.

13
. Cited in David M. McDonald,
United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia 1900–1914
(Cambridge, MA, 1992), p. 31.

14
. Cited in Lieven,
Nicholas II
, p. 97.

15
. McDonald,
United Government
, pp. 38–57.

16
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, p. 100.

17
. McDonald,
United Government
, p. 106.

18
. Ibid., pp. 168–98.

19
. J. C. G. Röhl,
Germany Without Bismarck. The Crisis of Government in the Second Reich, 1890–1900
(London, 1967); id., ‘The “kingship mechanism” in the Kaiserreich', in Röhl,
The Kaiser and His Court. Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany
, trans. T. F. Cole (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 107–30; Hans-Ulrich Wehler,
Das deutsche Kaiserreich, 1871–1918
(Göttingen, 1973), pp. 60–69; id.,
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte
(5 vols. Munich, 1995), vol. 3, pp. 1016–20.

20
. L. Cecil, ‘Der diplomatische Dienst im kaiserlichen Deutschland', in K. Schwabe (ed.),
Das diplomatische Korps, 1871–1945
(Boppard am Rhein, 1985), pp. 15–39, here p. 39.

21
. Cited in J. C. G. Röhl, ‘Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Suitable Case for Treatment?', in id.,
The Kaiser and His Court. Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany
(Cambridge, 1994), pp. 2–27, here p. 12.

22
. J. C. G. Röhl, ‘The Splendour and Impotence of the German Diplomatic Service', in id.,
The Kaiser and His Court
, pp. 150–61, here p. 159; F.-C. Stahl, ‘Preussische Armee und Reichsheer, 1871–1914', in O. Hauser,
Zur Problematik Preussen und das Reich
(Cologne and Vienna, 1984), pp. 181– 245, here p. 202; Johannes Paulmann, ‘“Dearest Nicky . . .” Monarchical Relations between Prussia, the German Empire and Russia during the Nineteenth Century', in R. Bartlet and K. Schönwalder (eds.),
The German Lands and Eastern Europe. Essays on the History of Their Social, Cultural and Political Relations
(London, 1999), pp. 157–81.

23
. The most authoritative critical account is J. C. G. Röhl,
Wilhelm II. Der Weg in den Abgrund 1900–1941
(Munich, 2008), p. 26.

24
. O'Brien to Elihu Root, Berlin, 7 April 1906, cited in Alfred Vagts,
Deutschland und die vereinigten Staaten in der Weltpolitik
(2 vols., New York, 1935), p. 1878, cited in Röhl,
Der Weg in den Abgrund
, p. 488.

25
. Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase, ‘Die Rolle Kaiser Wilhelms II. in den deutschamerikanischen Beziehungen, 1890–1914', in John C. G. Röhl (ed.),
Wilhelm II
. (Munich, 1991), pp. 223–57, here p. 251; id.,
Der Weg in den Abgrund
, p. 653.

26
. Röhl,
Der Weg in den Abgrund
, pp. 253, 125, 109, 269.

27
. See Holstein to Eulenburg, Berlin, 20 October 1891, in Röhl (ed.),
Philipp Eulenburgs Politische Korrespondenz
(3 vols., Boppard am Rhein, 1976–83), vol. 1, p. 716.

28
. Röhl,
Der Weg in den Abgrund
, pp. 82, 90.

29
. Harald Rosenbach,
Das deutsche Reich, Grossbritannien und der Transvaal (1896–1902). Anfänge deutsch-britischer Entfremdung
(Göttingen, 1993), pp. 58–61; for similar confusion in the Kaiser's Far Eastern policy, see Gordon Craig,
Germany 1866–1945
(Oxford, 1981), p. 244.

30
. Röhl,
Der Weg in den Abgrund
, p. 375; Holger Afflerbach,
Falkenhayn: Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich
(Munich, 1994), pp. 58–9.

31
. This episode is discussed in Röhl,
Der Weg in den Abgrund
, p. 348.

32
. K. Hildebrand,
Das vergangene Reich. Deutsche Aussenpolitik von Bismarck bis Hitler 1871–1945
(Stuttgart, 1995), pp. 155–6; Rainer Lahme,
Deutsche Aussenpolitik 1890–1894. Von der Gleichgewichtspolitik Bismarcks zur Allianzstrategie Caprivis
(Göttingen, 1994), p. 18; N. Rich, M. H. Fisher and W. Frauendienst (eds.),
Die geheimen Papiere Friedrich von Holsteins
(4 vols., Göttingen, Berlin, Frankfurt, 1957), vol. 1, p. 130.

33
. Wilhelm to Bülow, 11 August 1905, in
GP
, vol. 19/2, pp. 496–8; see also Katherine Lerman,
The Chancellor as Courtier Bernhard von Bülow and the Governance of Germany, 1900–1909
(Cambridge, 1990), pp. 129–30; Christopher Clark,
Kaiser Wilhelm II. A Life in Power
(London, 2008), pp. 99–100.

34
. Röhl,
Der Weg in den Abgrund
, p. 543.

35
. Ibid., pp. 366, 473; Holstein, undated note, Rich, Fischer and Frauendienst (eds.),
Geheime Papiere
, vol. 4, p. 366.

36
. Jules Cambon to Maurice Paléologue, Berlin, 10 May 1912, AMAE PA-AP, 43 Jules Cambon 56, fo. 204.

37
. Jean-Paul Bled,
Franz Joseph
, trans. Theresa Bridgeman (London, 1994), pp. 200–203.

38
. R. J. B. Bosworth,
Italy, the Least of the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy before the First World War
(Cambridge, 1979), pp. 14–17.

39
. Fortunato Minniti, ‘Gli Stati Maggiori e la politica estera italiana', in R. J. B. Bosworth and Sergio Romano (eds.),
La Politica estera italiana (1860– 1985)
(Bologna, 1991), pp. 91–120, here p. 120; Bosworth,
Italy, the Least of the Great Powers
, p. 219.

40
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, p. 105.

41
. His children, for example, played with the children of the friendly ambassadors, see Helene Izvolsky, ‘The Fateful Years: 1906–1911',
Russian Review
, 28/2 (1969), pp. 191–206.

42
. David MacLaren McDonald,
United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia, 1900–1914
(Cambridge, MA, 1992), pp. 84–5, 94–6.

43
. Memorandum by Edward Grey, 15 March 1907; Grey to Nicolson, London, 19 March 1907, TNA FO 418/38, fos. 79, 90–91.

44
. Paul Miliukov,
Political Memoirs 1905–1917
, trans. Carl Goldberg (Ann Arbor, 1967), p. 184.

45
. McDonald,
United Government
, pp. 153, 157–8; Andrew Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans. Inter-Balkan Rivalries and Russian Foreign Policy 1908–1914
(Toronto, 1981), p. 11; Ronald Bobroff,
Roads to Glory. Late Imperial Russia and the Turkish Straits
(London, 2006), pp. 13–15.

46
. On the background to the Potsdam Agreement, see I. I. Astaf'ev,
Russkogermanskie diplomaticheskie otnosheniia, 1905–1911 g.g.
([Moscow], 1972).

47
. On Hartwig, see Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans
, pp. 50–51; on Charykov's diplomacy in 1911, see Bobroff,
Roads to Glory
, pp. 23–6.

48
. McDonald,
United Government
, p. 166.

49
. Cited in Lieven,
Nicholas II
, p. 82.

50
. Rossos,
Russia and the Balkans
, p. 9; Uwe Liszkowski,
Zwischen Liberalismus und Imperialismus. Die zaristische Aussenpolitik vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg im Urteil Miljukovs und der Kadettenpartei 1905–1914
(Stuttgart, 1974), pp. 173–4.

51
. On this aspect of Russian policy, see Dietrich Geyer,
Russian Imperialism. The Interaction of Domestic and Foreign Policy 1860–1914
, trans. Bruce Little (Leamington Spa, 1987), pp. 293–317 and passim.

52
. M. B. Hayne,
The French Foreign Office and the Origins of the First World War, 1898–1914
(Oxford, 1993), p. 34.

53
. Ibid., p. 81.

54
. ‘Un Diplomate' (pseud.),
Paul Cambon, ambassadeur de France
(Paris, 1937), p. 234.

55
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, pp. 84, 103.

56
. Ibid., p. 85.

57
. Ibid., pp. 174, 200.

58
. On the Moroccan Accord of 8 February 1909, see Paul Cambon to Henri Cambon, 7 February 1909, in Cambon,
Correspondance
, vol. 2, pp. 272–3.

59
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, pp. 199, 207

60
. Herbette, ‘Relations avec la France de 1902 à 1908. Notes de Maurice Herbette', AMAE NS Allemagne 26, esp. fos. 3 verso, 25, 27, 34, 36, 37, 58, 87, 91, 113, 150, 160, 175, 182, 200, 212, 219, 249, 343; for a discussion of this document, see Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, p. 209.

61
. Cited in Jean-Claude Allain,
Agadir. Une Crise impérialiste en Europe pour la conquête du Maroc
(Paris, 1976), p. 284; see also Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, p. 212; on French handling of the relationship with Germany in Morocco, see also E. Oncken,
Panthersprung nach Agadir. Die deutsche Politik während der zweiten Marokkokrise 1911
(Düsseldorf, 1981), pp. 98–109.

62
. E.W. Edwards, ‘The Franco-German Agreement on Morocco, 1909',
English Historical Review
,
78
(1963), pp. 483–513.

63
. For a subtle analysis of the transition to ‘adventurist diplomacy' in Paris in 1910–11, see Allain,
Agadir
, pp. 279–97.

64
. Hildebrand,
Das vergangene Reich
, p. 161.

65
. Wolfgang J. Mommsen,
Grossmachtstellung und Weltpolitik. Die Aussenpolitik des Deutschen Reiches, 1870 bis 1914
(Frankfurt am Main, 1993), p. 125.

66
. Geoff Eley, ‘The View from the Throne: The Personal Rule of Kaiser Wilhelm II',
Historical Journal
, 28/2 (1985), pp. 469–85.

67
. Holstein to Eulenburg, Berlin, 3 February 1897; see also Eulenburg to Holstein, Vienna, 7 February 1897, in Rich, Fisher and Frauendienst (eds.),
Die geheimen Papiere
, docs. 599 and 601, vol. 4, pp. 8, 12; see also Hohenlohe to Eulenburg, Berlin, 4 February 1897, in C. z. Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst,
Denkwürdigkeiten der Reichskanzlerzeit
, ed. K. A. v. Müller (Stuttgart, Berlin, 1931), p. 297.

68
. Lerman,
Chancellor as Courtier
, p. 110.

69
. Wilhelm to Bülow, 11 August 1905, in
GP
, vol. 19/2, pp. 496–8; see also Lerman,
Chancellor as Courtier
, pp. 129–30.

70
. Peter Winzen,
Reichskanzler Bernhard Fürst von Bülow: Weltmachtstratege ohne Fortune, Wegbereiter der grossen Katastrophe
(Göttingen, 2003), pp. 134–46.

71
. Lerman,
Chancellor as Courtier
, p. 258.

72
. Konrad H. Jarausch,
The Enigmatic Chancellor. Bethmann Hollweg and the Hubris of Imperial Germany
(New Haven, 1973), pp. 72, 110.

73
. Sir Edward and Lady Grey,
Cottage Book. The Undiscovered Country Diary of an Edwardian Statesman
, ed. Michael Waterhouse (London, 2001), p. 63; on Grey's avowed dislike of political life, see also p. 21.

74
. Spring-Rice to Ferguson (Lord Nova), 16 July 1898, in Stephen Gwynn (ed.),
The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring-Rice
(London, 1929) pp. 252–3.

75
. Arthur Ponsonby, cited in Steiner,
British Foreign Office
, p. 84.

76
. Ibid., p. 92.

77
. Ibid., p. 91.

78
. Dominik Geppert,
Pressekriege. Öffentlichkeit und Diplomatie in den deutsch-britischen Beziehungen (1896–1912)
(Munich, 2007), pp. 412–18.

79
. On elite relations with Germany, see Thomas Weber,
‘Our Friend “The Enemy”'. Elite Education in Britain and Germany before World War I
(Stanford, 2008).

80
. Speech given by Grey at the Eighty Club, reported in
The Times
, 1 June 1905, p. 12, col. B.

81
. Jean-Claude Allain,
Joseph Caillaux
(2 vols., Paris, 1978), vol. 1, esp. pp. 327–3; W. Henry Cooke, ‘Joseph Caillaux. Statesman of the Third Republic',
Pacific Historical Review
, 13/3 (1944), pp. 292–7.

82
. Allain,
Joseph Caillaux
, vol. 1, p. 388.

83
. John Keiger,
France and the Origins of the First World War
(London, 1983), pp. 35, 42.

84
. Allain,
Agadir
, p. 402.

85
. Ralf Forsbach,
Alfred von Kiderlen-Wächter (1852–1912). Ein Diplomatenleben im Kaiserreich
(2 vols., Göttingen, 1997), vol. 2, pp. 500–501.

86
. Oscar Freiherr von der Lancken-Wakenitz to Langwerth von Simmern, Paris, 21 August 1911,
GP
, vol. 29, doc. 10717.

87
. On Kiderlen's failure to keep Bethmann Hollweg informed of developments, see the diary entry by Kurt Riezler, 30 July 1911, in Karl Dietrich Erdmann (ed.),
Kurt Riezler. Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente
(Göttingen, 1972), pp. 178–9.

88
. Report Schoen to Foreign Office Berlin, Paris, 7 May 1911,
GP
, vol. 29, doc. 10554, fo. 113.

89
. David Stevenson,
Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe 1904–1914
(Cambridge, 1996), pp. 182–3; Oncken,
Panthersprung
, pp. 136–44; on the
Panther
's mission as a manifestation of Kiderlen's ‘prudence' and desire to avoid ‘warlike complications', see esp. Allain,
Agadir
, p. 333.

90
. G. P. Gooch, ‘Kiderlen-Wächter',
Cambridge Historical Journal
, 5/2 (1936), pp. 178–92, here p. 187.