The relentless revolution: a history of capitalism (72 page)

25.
Arnold Pacey,
Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History
(Cambridge, 1991), 135–41.

26.
Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia, and Bonnie G. Smith,
The Making of the West: People and Cultures, A Concise History
, 2nd ed. (Boston, 2007), 708.

27.
John Majewski,
A House Dividing: Economic Development in Pennsylvania and Virginia before the Civil War
(New York, 2000), 111–40.

28.
Joseph A. Schumpeter,
Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy
, 3rd ed. (New York, 1950), 83.

29.
Maarten Prak, ed.,
Early Modern Capitalism: Economic and Social Change in Europe, 1400–1800
(New York, 2001), 194ff; “Werner von Siemens,”
Allgemeine Deutsche Biog-raphie
, online version, vol. 55 (Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, 2007): 203–13.

30.
Colleen A. Dunlavy,
Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia
(Princeton, 1994), 202–05.

31.
Clive Trebilcock,
The Industrialization of the Continental Powers, 1780–1914
(London, 1981), 44–46, 172–77; Stiles,
First Tycoon
, 82–85; Dunlavy,
Politics and Industrialization
, 38–41.

32.
Trebilcock,
Industrialization of Continental Powers
, 173–74; Robert E. Wright and Richard Sylla, eds.,
The History of Corporate Finance: Development of Anglo-American Securities Markets, Financial Practices, Theories and Laws
, 4 vols. (London, 2003), iv.

33.
Timor Kuran, “Explaining the Economic Trajectories of Civilizations: The Systemic Approach,”
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization
(2009).

34.
Caroline Fohlin,
Finance Capitalism and Germany’s Rise to Industrial Power
(New York, 2007), 65–69.

35.
Charles P. Kindleberger,
A Financial History of Western Europe
, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1993 [1984]), 102–10.

36.
Thorstein Veblen,
Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy
, 3rd ed. (New York, 1950), 83.

37.
Trebilcock,
Industrialization of Continental Powers
, 40; Fohlin,
Finance Capitalism and Germany’s Rise to Industrial Power
, 220–21.

38.
Margaret C. Jacob,
Strangers Nowhere in the World: The Rise of Cosmopolitanism in Early Modern Europe
(Philadelphia, 2006), 76–77; Thomas K. McGraw, “American Capitalism” in Thomas K. McGraw, ed.,
Creating Modern Capitalism: How Entrepreneurs, Companies, and Countries Triumphed in Three Industrial Revolutions
(Cambridge, 1995), 335.

39.
Robert C. Allen, “The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective,” (2006): 29 [available on the Internet]; Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik,
The World That Trade Created: Society, Culture, and the World Economy
, 2nd ed. (Armonk, NY, 2006), 113.

40.
Irwin Unger, Greenback Era:
A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879
(Princeton, 1964), 13–20.

41.
Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner,
The Gilded Age
(New York, 1873).

42.
Stephen Mihm,
A Nation of Counterfeiters: Capitalists, Con Men, and the Making of the United States
(Cambridge, MA, 2007), 69–74.

43.
Wright,
History of Corporate Finance
, 1: iv; Timothy W. Guinnane, Ron Harris, Naomi R. Lamoreaux, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, “Putting the Corporation in Its Place,”
Enterprise and Societ
, 8 (2007): 690–91.

44.
Kindleberger,
Financial History of Western Europe
, 196.

45.
Wright,
History of Corporate Finance
, I: x–xxvii.

46.
McGraw, “American Capitalism” in McGraw, ed.,
Creating Modern Capitalism
, 315–16.

47.
Guinnane, Harris, Lamoreaux, and Rosenthal, “Putting the Corporation in Its Place”: 698.

48.
Trebilcock,
Industrialization of Continental Powers,
54, 64–66.

49.
Walter A. Moss,
An Age of Progress?: Clashing Twentieth Century Forces
(New York, 2008), 58–59.

50.
Jeffrey A. Frieden,
Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century
(New York, 2006), 6–7, 14–19, 42–43.

51.
A striking exception to this generalization can be found in Colleen Dunlavy and Thomas Weisskopp, “Myths and Peculiarities: Comparing U.S. and German Capitalism,”
German Historical Bulletin,
41(2007).

52.
Henry James, “The German Experience and the Myth of British Cultural Exceptionalism,” in Bruce Collins and Keith Robbins, eds.,
British Culture and Economic Decline
(London, 1990), 108.

53.
Steve N. Broadberry, “How Did the United States and Germany Overtake Britain?: A Sectoral Analysis of Comparative Productivity Levels, 1870–1990,”
Journal of Economic History,
58 (1998): 375–76.

54.
Margaret C. Jacob and Larry Stewart,
Practical Matter: Newton’s Science in the Service of Industry and Empire, 1687–1851
(Cambridge, 2004), 126–27.

CHAPTER 7. THE INDUSTRIAL LEVIATHANS AND THEIR OPPONENTS

1.
T. J. Stiles,
The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt
(New York, 2009).

2.
Ibid., 279.

3.
Harold C. Livesay,
Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business
(Boston, 1986).

4.
Daniel Yergin,
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power
(New York, 1991), 39–42.

5.
Jeffrey Fear, “August Thyssen and German Steel,” in Thomas K. McGraw, ed.,
Creating Modern Capitalism: How Entrepreneurs, Companies, and Countries Triumphed in Three Industrial Revolutions
(Cambridge, 1997), 185–226; Clive Trebilcock,
The Industrialization of the Continental Powers, 1780–1914
(London, 1981), 61–62.

6.
J. R. McNeill,
An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World
(New York, 2000), 24–25.

7.
Jean-Christophe Agnew, “Capitalism, Culture and Catastrophe: Lawrence Levine and the Opening of Cultural History,”
Journal of American History
, 93 (2006): 783

8.
Jose C. Moya, “A Continent of Immigrants: Post Colonial Shift’s in the Western Hemisphere,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
, 86 (2006): 3–4; Stephen Nicholas and Deborah Oxley, “The Living Standard of Women during the Industrial Revolution, 1795–1820,”
Economic History Review
, 46 (1993): 745–49.

9.
Geoffrey Barraclough, ed.,
Times Atlas of World History
(London, 1992), 208–09.

10.
Adam Mckeown, “Global Migration, 1840–1940,”
World History,
15 (2004): 156.

11.
Moya, “A Continent of Immigrants,” 3–4.

12.
Trebilcock,
Industrialization of Continental Powers
, 32; Alan S. Milward and S. B. Saul,
The Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780–1870
(London, 1973), 142–45.

13.
David Khoudour-Casteras, “The Impact of Bismarck’s Social Legislation on German Emigration before World War I,” eScholarship Repository, University of California; http://repositories.edlib.org/berkely.econ211/spring2005/, 4–45; Trebilcock,
Industrialization of Continental Powers
, 65–77; Hubert Kiesewetter,
Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland, 1815–1914
, Neue Historische Bibliothek (Frankfurt, 1989), 90.

14.
Thomas Weiss, “U.S. Labor Force Estimates and Economic Growth, 1800 to 1860,” in R. Gallman and J. Wallis, eds.,
The Standard of Living in Early Nineteenth Century America
(Chicago, 1992), 8–10; Lee A. Craig and Thomas Weiss, “Hours at Work and Total Factor Productivity Growth in 19th-Century U.S. Agriculture,”
Advances in Agricultural Economic History,
1 (2000): 1–30; Weiss, “American Economic Miracle”: 20.

15.
Nelson Lichtenstein,
State of the Union: A Century of American Labor
(Princeton, 2002), 4; Karen Orren,
Belated Feudalism: Labor, The Law, And Liberal Developments In The United States
(Cambridge, 1992); Irwin Unger,
The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance,
1865–1879 (Princeton, 1964), 22.

16.
Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warren,
The Gilded Age
(New York, 1973); Upton Sinclair,
The Jungle
(New York, 1906).

17.
Walter G. Moss,
An Age of Progress?: Clashing Twentieth-Century Global Forces
(New York, 2008), 3–12.

18.
Lisa Tiersten, “Redefining Consumer Culture: Recent Literature on Consumption and the Bourgeoisie in Western Europe,”
Radical History Review
, 57 (1995): 116–59.

19.
Lisa Jacobson,
Raising Consumers: Children and the American Mass Market in the Early Twentieth Century
(New York, 2004).

20.
Price F. Fishback and Shawn Everett Kantor, “The Adoption of Workers’ Compensation in the United States, 1900–1930,”
Journal of Law and Economics
, 41 (1998): 305–308.

21.
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.,
Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism
(Cambridge, 1990), 70ff, 167–70, 218–36, 375ff, 430–34.