The relentless revolution: a history of capitalism (71 page)

30.
Jacob and Stewart,
Practical Matter
, 83–87; Joyce Chaplin,
The First Scientific American: Benjamin Franklin and the Pursuit of Genius
(New York, 2006), 29–33.

31.
Allen,
British Industrial Revolution
, 10; Mokyr,
Gifts of Athena
, 68.

32.
Chaplin,
The First Scientific American
, 29–33; Jacob and Stewart,
Practical Matter
, 95, 97; the quote is from p. 93.

33.
Pacey,
Technology in World Civilization,
111–12;
Allen, British Industrial Revolution,
27.

34.
Paul Collier,
The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done about It
(Oxford, 2007), 82–84.

35.
Allen,
British Industrial Revolution,
28.

36.
Eric Robinson and A. E. Musson,
James Watt and the Steam Revolution: A Documentary History
(London, 1969), 4–6.

37.
Jack A. Goldstone, “Efflorescences and Economic Growth in World History: Rethinking the ‘Rise of the West’ and the Industrial Revolution,”
Journal of World History
, 13 (2002): 363.

38.
J. R. McNeill,
Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World
(New York, 2000), 13, 315.

39.
Neil McKendrick, “Josiah Wedgwood and Factory Discipline,”
Historical Journal
(1961).

40.
Pacey,
Technology in World Civilization
, 101.

41.
Charles P. Kindleberger,
A Financial History of Western Europe,
2nd ed. (Oxford, 1993), 193.

42.
Pacey,
Technology in World Civilization,
116.

43.
A. E. Musson, “Industrial Motive Power in the United Kingdom, 1800–70,”
Economic History Review
, 29 (1976): 415–17; Mokyr,
Gifts of Athena
, 131–40.

44.
Walter G. Moss,
An Age of Progress?: Clashing Twentieth-Century Global Forces
(New York, 2008), 74–75.

45.
Adrian J. Randall, “The Philosophy of Luddism: The Case of the West of England Woolen Workers, ca. 1790–1809,”
Technology and Culture
, 27 (1986): 1–8; Mokyr,
Gifts of Athena
, 267; Jeff Horn,
The Path Not Taken: French Industrialization in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1830
(Cambridge, 2006), 96–101.

46.
Raphael Samuel, “Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in Mid-Victorian Britain,”
History Workshop
, no. 3 (1977).

47.
Mokyr,
Gifts of Athena
, 87; Christine MacLeod, “James Watt, Heroic Invention and the Idea of the Industrial Revolution,” in Maxine Berg and Kristine Bruland, eds.,
Technological Revolutions in Europe: Historical Perspectives
(Northampton, MA, 1998), 96–98.

48.
Mokyr,
Gifts of Athena,
48, 65, 72.

49.
Jan De Vries, “The Industrious Revolution and the Industrial Revolution,” Papers Presented at the Fifty-third Annual Meeting of the Economic History Association (June 1994).

50.
Adam Smith,
An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(New York, 1937 [Modern Library ed.]), 306, 3, 328.

51.
Ibid., 13.

52.
Thomas Paine,
Common Sense
, ed. Isaac Kramnick (London, 1976), 65–72, 228.

53.
Lynn Hunt,
Inventing Human Rights: A History
(New York, 2007), 24–32.

CHAPTER 6. THE ASCENT OF GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES

1.
Manu Goswami,
Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space
(Chicago, 2004), 67.

2.
J. R. Harris,
Industrial Espionage and Technology Transfer: Britain and France in the Eighteenth Century
(London, 1998), 10–12, 355–56.

3.
Gregory Clark, “Why Isn’t the Whole World Developed? Lessons from the Cotton Mills,”
Journal of Economic History
, 47 (1987): 141–42, 149. See also Joel Mokyr, “Editor’s Introduction: The New Economic History and the Industrial Revolution,” in Joel Mokyr, ed.,
The British Industrial Revolution
(Oxford, 1999), esp. 126–27.

4.
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.,
Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism
(Cambridge, 1990), 3; Goswami,
Producing India
, 41; Eric Hobsbawm,
The Age of Capital, 1848–1875
(New York, 1996 [originally published in 1975]), 40–41; W. D.Rubinstein, “Cultural Explanations for Britain’s Economic Decline: How True,” in Bruce Collins and Keith Robbins, eds.,
British Culture and Economic Decline: Debates in Modern History
(London, 1990), 70–71.

5.
Harold James,
A German Identity, 1770–1990
(London, 1989), 66.

6.
C. Knick Harley’s “Reassessing the Industrial Revolution,” in Joel Mokyr,
The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective,
2nd ed. (Oxford, 1999), 204–05. The figure is for 1820. Michael G. Mulhall,
The Dictionary of Statistics
(London, 1899), 420, puts the figure at 35.6 percent for Great Britain.

7.
R. Allen, “Economic Structure and Agricultural Productivity in Europe, 1300–1800,” in
European Review of Economic History
, 4 (2000), 20; Angus Maddison,
Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development
(Oxford, 1991), 32; Alan S. Milward and S. B. Saul,
The Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780–1870
(London, 1973), 368; Thomas Weiss, “The American Economic Miracle of the 19th Century,”
American Historical Association
(1994): 18.

8.
Milward and Saul,
Economic Development of Continental Europe
, 388–96.

9.
Ibid., 376.

10.
Hobsbawm,
Age of Capital
, 193–94.

11.
United States Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957
(Washington, 1961), 7–11.

12.
Edwin J. Perkins,
American Public Finance and Financial Services, 1700–1815
(Columbus, OH, 1994); John Majewski, “Toward a Social History of the Corporation: Shareholding in Pennsylvania, 1800–1840,” in Cathy Matson, ed.
The Economy of Early America: Historical Perspectives and New Directions
(Philadelphia, 2006).

13.
Noble E. Cunningham, Jr.,
The Process of Government under Jefferson
(Princeton, 1978), 107; and L. Ray Gunn,
The Decline of Authority: Political Economic Policy and Political Development in New York State, 1800–1860
(Ithaca, 1988).

14.
Malcolm Rohrbough,
The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789–1837
(Oxford, 1968), 48, as cited in Cunningham,
Process of Government
, 107. See also Arthur H. Cole, “Cyclical and Sectional Variations in the Sale of Public Land,”
Review of Economics and Statistics
, 9 (1927): 50; Andrew R. L. Cayton,
The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780–1825
(Kent, 1986), 115–17.

15.
Matthew Gardner,
The Autobiography of Elder Matthew Gardner
, Dayton, 1874), 69; Christopher Clark, “The Agrarian Context of American Capitalist Development” and Jonathan Levy, “The Mortgage Worked the Hardest’: The Nineteenth-Century Mortgage Market and the Law of Usury,” in Michael Zakim and Gary Kornbluth, eds.,
For Purposes of Profit: Essays on Capitalism in Nineteenth-Century America
(Chicago, 2009).

16.
John C. Pease and John M. Niles,
A Gazetteer…of Connecticut and Rhode Island
(Hartford, 1819), 6.

17.
T. J. Stiles,
The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt
(New York, 2009), 90–95.

18.
Thomas P. Hughes,
Human-Built World: How to Think about Technology and Culture
(Chicago, 2004), 35.

19.
Henry L. Ellsworth,
A Digest of Patents Issued by the United States, from 1790 to January 1, 1839
(Washington, 1840); see also Kenneth Sokoloff, “Inventive Activity in Early Industrial America: Evidence from Patent Records, 1790–1846,”
Journal of Economic History,
48 (1988): 818–20.

20.
Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
, trans. and ed. Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop (Chicago, 2000 [originally published 1835, 1840]), 386.

21.
Olive Cleaveland Clarke,
Things That I Remember at Ninety-Five
(1881), 10–11. This was in 1802.

22.
Bureau of the Census,
Statistical Abstract of the United States
(Washington, 1983). For slave fertility, see Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman, eds.,
Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery
(New York, 1989), 149. See also Andrew R. L. Cayton, “The Early National Period,”
Encyclopedia of American Social History
, ed. Mary Kupiec Cayton et al., 3 vols. (New York, 1993), I: 100.

23.
Warren S. Thompson, “The Demographic Revolution in the United States,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences
, no. 262 (1949): 62–69; Andrew Cayton, “The Early National Period,” 88.

24.
Allen Trimble,
1783–1870 Autobiography and Correspondence
(1909), 74; Gershom Flagg,
The Flagg Correspondence Selected Letters, 1816–1854
, eds., Barbara Lawrence and Nedra Branz (Carbondale, 1986), 5–7; William J. Baumol,
Productivity and American Leadership
(Cambridge, MA, 1991), 34–35.