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128 Sometimes, as in the water strider case: N. B. Davies. 1984. Sperm competition and the evolution of animal mating strategies. In
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ed. R. L. Smith. San Diego: Academic Press; L. Rowe, G. Arnqvist, A. Sih, and J. J. Krupa 1994. Sexual conflict and the evolutionary ecology of mating patterns: water striders as a model system.
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129 At this point, the male scorpionfly: R. Thornhill and K. P. Sauer. 1991. The notal organ of the scorpionfly
(Panorpa vulgaris):
an adaptation to coerce mating duration.
Behavioral Ecology 2:
156-164.

129 These latter chemicals: T. Chapman, L. F. Liddle, J. M. Kalb, M. F. Wolfner, and L. Partridge. 1995. Cost of mating in
Drosophila melanogaster
females is mediated by male accessory gland products.
Nature
373: 241-244.

129 After 41 generations: W. R. Rice. 1996. Sexually antagonistic male adaptation triggered by experimental arrest of female evolution.
Nature
381: 232-234.

130 Hence, it may be worth noting: J. L. Koprowski. 1992. Removal of copulatory plugs by female tree squirrels.
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73:
572-576.

130 Not to be entirely outdone: P. Stockley. 1997. Sexual conflict resulting from adaptations to sperm competition.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
12: 154-159.

131 Biologist Patricia Gowaty: P. A. Gowaty. 1996. Battles of the sexes and origins of monogamy. In
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ed. J. M. Black. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

NOTES 217

132 Recall the scene: L. van Valen. 1973. A new evolutionary law.
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1: 1-30.

133 Nonetheless, even though paternal care: R L. Whitten. 1987. Infants and adult males. In
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ed. D. Cheney, R. Seyfarth, B. Smuts, R. Wranhgam, and T. Struhsaker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

133 And even in these cases: M. M. West and M. J. Konner. 1976. The role of the father: an anthropological perspective. In
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ed. M. E. Lamb. New York: Plenum Press.

133 On the other hand: K. Hill and H. Kaplan. 1988. Tradeoffs in male and female reproductive strategies among the Ache: part 2. In
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ed. L. Betzig, M. Borgerhoff Mulder, and P. Turke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

134 There can also be fear: M. Daly and M. Wilson. 1988.
Homicide.
Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter; M. Wilson and M. Daly. 1992. The man who mistook his wife for a chattel. In
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135 According to Hawkes: Reported in Michael Hagmann. 1999. More questions about the provider's role.
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137 Western Europe, however: R. D. Alexander. 1979.
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Seattle: University of Washington Press.

137 According to this view: Alexander especially emphasizes the role of external threats; for a focus on internal threats, see L. Betzig. 1986.
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Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.

137 In any event, among Europeans in particular: K. MacDonald. 1995. The establishment and maintenance of socially imposed monogamy in Western Europe.
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14: 3-23.

chapter
6
What
Ape
Human Beings, 'Naturally'?

141 And the most direct route: D. P. Barash and J. E. Lipton. 1997.
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141 Primates, too: R. D. Alexander, J. L. Hoogland, R. D. Howard, K. M. Noonan, and P. W. Sherman. 1979. Sexual dimorphism and breeding systems in pinnipeds, ungulates, primates, and humans. In
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141 After four years, both females: S. Biquand, A. Boug, V. Biquand-Guyot, and J. P. Gautier. 1994. Management of commensal baboons in Saudi Arabia.
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49: 213-222.

218
THE MYTH OF MONOGAMY

142 For example, in the primitive, egg-laying: P. D. Rismiller. 1992. Field observations on Kangaroo Island echidnas
{Tachyglossus aculeatus multiaculeatus)
during the breeding season. In
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143 And as time went on: D. M. Buss and D. P. Schmitt. 1993. Sexual strategies theory: an evolutionary perspective on human mating.
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144 Men said that after just one day: Ibid.

144 Interestingly, among the 25 percent: R. D. Clark and E. Hatfield. 1989. Gender differences in receptivity to sexual offers.
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39-55.

145 Given this connection: D. Bar-Tal and L. Saxe. 1976. Perceptions of similarly attractive couples and individuals.
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33: 772-782.

145 Willard Espy neatly expressed [subsequent quote]: W. R. Espy. 1998.
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145 Although such standards: D. Buss. 1994.
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New York: Basic Books.

146 Some others appear to be monogamous: A. Fuentes. 1999. Re-evaluating primate monogamy.
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146 This view is no longer widely held [subsequent quote]: B. Malinowski. 1927.
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147 Of 185 human societies: C. S. Ford and F. Beach.1951.
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147 The renowned anthropologist: G. P. Murdoch. 1949,
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147 Anthropologist Weston LaBarre [subsequent quote]: W. LaBarre. 1954.
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148 "In Inca Peru, as probably everywhere" [subsequent quote]: L. L. Betzig. 1986.
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149 Here is Twain's Devil [subsequent quote]: M. Twain. 1962.
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150 According to anthropologist Ruth Benedict [subsequent quote]: R. Benedict. 1934.
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151 As long as the situation is not unpleasant enough [subsequent quote]: Ibid.

151 And for good reason [subsequent quote]: Ibid.

152 After reviewing 116 different hurnan societies: G. Broude. 1980. Extramarital sex norms in cross-cultural perspective.
Behavioral Science Research
15: 181-218.

NOTES 219

152 Similarly, Laura Betzig evaluated: L. Betzig. 1989. Causes of conjugal dissolution: a cross-cultural study.
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30:
654-676.

152 Friedrich Engels, in
The Origin of the Family:
F. Engels. 1942.
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152 In a famous oration: Demosthenes. 1992.
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154 Yet his wife reports [subsequent quote]: I. O. Reich. 1970.
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154 In one of his many hundreds of letters: S. Freud, quoted in E. Jones. 1953.
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155 His interpretation may be more appropriate [subsequent quote]: S. Freud. 1932.
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London: Hogarth.

156 In her description of the Dionysian inhabitants [subsequent quote]: R. Benedict. 1934.
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Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

158 Perhaps 40 percent of mammalian genera: D. Kleiman and J.. Malcom. 1981. The evolution of male parental investment in mammals. In
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158 A review of 56 different human societies: G. E. Broude and S. J. Greene. 1976. Cross-cultural codes on twenty sexual attitudes and practices.
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158 According to Kinsey and colleagues: A. C. Kinsey, W. B. Pomeroy, C. E. Martin, and P. H. Bebhard. 1953.
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i

159 A different survey found that: L. Wolfe. 1981.
The Cosmo Report.
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159 Interestingly, this was pretty much the optimum: K. Hill and H. Kaplan. 1988. Tradeoffs in male and female reproductive strategies among the Ache , Part 2. In
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ed. L. Betzig, M. Borgerhoff Mulder, and P. Turke, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

162 They estimate that in Great Britain: R. R. Baker and M. A. Bellis. 1995.
Human Sperm Competition.
London: Chapman & Hall.

162 This is consistent with standard estimates: S. Macintyre and A. Sooman. 1992. Nonpaternity and prenatal genetic screening.
Lancet
338: 839.

162 If these data are reliable: R. R. Baker and M. A. Bellis. 1995.
Human Sperm Competition.
London: Chapman & Hall.