The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People (45 page)

NOTES 213

110 And it has already been found: J. V. Briskie, C. T. Naugler, and S. M. Leech. 1994. Begging intensity of nestling birds varies with sibling relatedness.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B
258: 73-78.

110 For example, male dunnocks shadow: N. B. Davies. 1985. Cooperation and conflict among dunnocks,
Prunella modularis,
in a variable mating system.
Animal Behaviour
33: 628-648.

111 There already exists a phrase: M. C. McKitrick. 1990. Genetic evidence for multiple parentage in eastern kingbirds
(Tyrannus tyrannus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
26: 149-155.

Ill Since they did not have their own nests: M. I. Sandell and M. Diemer. 1999. Intraspecific brood parasitism: a strategy for floating females in the European starling.
Animal Behaviour 57:
197-202.

111 Among the waterbirds known as coots: B. E. Lyon. 1993. Conspecific brood parasitism as a flexible female reproductive tactic in American coots.
Animal Behaviour
46: 911-928.

112 It appears that younger, weaker females: J. M. Eadie and J. M. Fryxell. 1992. Density dependence, frequency dependence, and alternative nesting strategies in goldeneyes.
The American Naturalist
140: 621-64.

112 Although it is relatively uncommon: Y. Yom-Tov, G. M. Dunnett, and A. Andersson. 1974. Intraspecific nest parasitism in the starling
Sturnus vulgaris. Ibis
116: 87-90; F. McKinney. 1985. Primary and secondary male reproductrive strategies of dabbling ducks. In
Avian Monogamy,
ed. P. A. Gowaty and D. W. Mock. Washington, DC: American Ornithologists Union.

112 One study found that among cliff swallows: C. F. Brown. 1984. Laying eggs in a neighbor's nest: benefit and cost of colonial nesting in swallows.
Science
224: 518-519.

chapter
5
Why Does Monogamy Occur At All?

114 Among kittiwake gulls: J. C. Coulson. 1966. The influence of the pair-bond and age on the breeding biology of the kittiwake gull,
Rissa tridactyla. journal of Animal Ecology
35: 269-279.

114 For example, when males perceive themselves: N. T. Burley 1977. Parental investment, mate choice, and mate quality.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
74: 3476-3479.

115 In this situation, males: M. Milinski and T. C. M. Bakker. 1992. Costs influence sequential mate choice in sticklebacks,
Gasterosteus aculeatus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B
250: 229-233.

115 In an earlier publication: M. Milinski and T. C. M. Bakker. 1990. Female sticklebacks use male coloration in mate choice and hence avoid parasitized males.
Nature
344: 330-333.

214
THE MYTH OF MONOGAMY

115 They are indicated by the title: S. Lopez. 1999. Parasitized female guppies do not prefer showy males.
Animal Behaviour
57: 1129^1134.

/

116 Dorothy Parker put it this way [subsequent quote]: D. Parker. 1936.
The Collected Poetry of Dorothy Parker.
New York: Modern Library.

117 Males cannot monopolize: D. W. Tinkle. 1967. Home range, density, dynamics, and structure of a Texas population of the lizard,
Uta stansburiana.
In
Lizard Ecology,
ed. W. W. Mijstead. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

117 These animals may also be too aggressive: S. J. Hannon. 1984. Factors limiting polygyny in the willow ptarmigan.
Animal, Behaviour
32: 153-161.

117 Similarly, among eastern bluebirds: P. A. Gowaty. 1983. Male parental care and apparent monogamy among eastern bluebirds
(Sialia sialis). The American Naturalist
121: 149-157.

118 When this is true: E.g., J. P. Lightbody and P. J. Weatherhead. 1988. Female settling patterns and polygyny: tests of a neutral mate choice hypothesis.
The American Naturalist
132: 20-33; I. R. Hartley, M. Shepherd, and D. B. A. Thompson. 1995. Habitat selection and polygyny in breeding corn buntings
Miliaria calandra. Ibis
137: 508-514.

118 This aggression, incidentally: E. Cunningham and T. Birkhead. 1997. Female roles in perspective.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
12: 337-338.

118 In starlings, at least: M. I. Sandell and J. G. Smith. 1996. Already mated females constrain male mating success in the European starling.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B
263: 742-747; M. I. Sandell and J. G. Smith. 1997. Female aggression in the European starling during the breeding season.
Animal Behaviour
53: 13-23.

118 In another bird species: N. E. Langmore and N. B. Davies. 1997. Female dunnocks use vocalizations to compete for males.
Animal Behaviour
53: 881-890.

118 Because mated females were aggressive: J. P. Veiga. 1992. Why are house sparrows predominantly monogamous? A test of hypotheses.
Animal Behaviour
43: 361-370.

118 Given that female house sparrows: J. P. Veiga. 1990, Infanticide by male and female house sparrows.
Animal Behaviour
39: 496-502.

118 A growing number of studies: T. Slagsvold, T. Amundsen, S. Dale, and

H. Lampe. 1992. Female-female aggression explains polyterritoriality in male pied flycatchers.
Animal Behaviour
43: 397-407.

119 The feistiness of resident females beavers: H. E. Hodgdon and J. S. Larsen. 1973. Some sexual differences in behaviour within a colony of marked beavers
(Castor canadensis). Animal Behaviour 21:
147-152.

119 Primatologist Barbara Smuts: B. B. Smuts. 1987. Gender, aggression and influence. In
Primate Societies,
ed. D. Cheney, R. Seyfarth, B. Smuts, R. Wrangham, and T. Struhsaker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

NOTES 215

119 There are also many cases: L. H. Frame and G. W. Frame. 1976. Female African wild dogs emigrate.
Nature
263: 227-229; L. D. Mech. 1970.
The Wolf.
Garden City, NJ: Natural History Press; P. D. Moehlman. 1979. Jackal helpers and pup survival.
Nature 277:
382-383; R. F. Ewer. 1973. The behaviour of the meerkat,
Suricata suricatta. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie
20: 570-607.

119 Only if this alpha female: J. M. Packard, U. S. Seal, L. D. Mech, and E. D. Plotka. 1985. Causes of reproductive failure in two family groups of wolves
(Canis lupus). Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie
69: 24-40.

120 Thus liberated from their jealous wives: A.-K. Eggert and S. I. Sakaluk. 1995. Female coerced monogamy in burying beetles.
Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology
37: 147-154.

120 This suggests that what constrains: M. I. Sandell and H. G. Smith. 1996. Already mated females constrain male mating success in the European starling.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B
263: 743-747.

121 Equally interesting: M. Eens and R. Pinxten. 1995. Inter-sexual conflicts over copulation in the European starling: evidence for the female mate guarding hypothesis.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
36: 71-81; M. Eens and R. Pinxten. 1996. Female European starlings increase their copulation solicitation rate when faced with the risk of polygyny.
Animal Behaviour
51: 1141-1147.

121 In such cases: M. Petrie. 1992. Copulation frequency in birds: why do females copulate more than once with the same male?
Animal Behaviour
44: 790-792.

121 Among blue tits, for example: B. Kempenaers, G. R. Verheyen, M. Van den Broeck, T. Burke, C. Van Broeckhoven, and A. A. Dhondt. 1992. Extra-pair paternity results from female preference for high-quality males in the blue tit.
Nature
357: 494-496.

122 By mating repeatedly: M. Petrie et al. 1992. Multiple mating in a lekking bird: why do peahens mate with more than one male and with the same male more than once?
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
31: 349-358.

122 It is notable that female mate-guarding: E. Creighton. 2000. Female mate guarding: no evidence in a socially monogamous species.
Animal Behaviour
59: 201-207.

123 The suggestion has been made: M. F. Small. 1988. Female primate sexual behavior and conception: are there really sperm to spare?
Current Anthropology
29: 81-100.

123 In such cases, females often: K. Summers. 1990. Parental care and the cost of polygyny in the green dart-poison frog.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27:
307-313.

124 The predominant theoretical explanation: G. H. Orians. 1969. On the evolution of mating systems in birds and mammals.
The American Naturalist
103: 589-603.

216
THE MYTH OF MONOGAMY

125 Male rats, for example: L. Krames and L. A. Mastromatteo. 1973. Role of olfactory stimuli during copulation in male and female rats.
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
85: 528-535.

125 This, in turn, could help: E.g., S. J. Hannon and G. Dobush. 1997. Pairing status of male willow ptarmigan: is polygyny costly to males?
Animal Behaviour
53: 369-380.

126 Here, without the social and sexual distractions: D. P. Barash. 1975. Ecology of paternal behavior in the hoary marmot: an evolutionary interpretation.
Journal of Mammalogy
56: 612-615.

127 Whether monogamous or polygynous: D. M. B. Parish and J. C. Coulson. 1998. Parental investment, reproductive success and polygyny in the lapwing,
Vanellus vanellus. Animal Behaviour
56: 1161-1167.

127 For a large number of women: See B. Ehrenreich. 1984.
The Hearts of Men.
New York: Doubleday.

127 Manucode monogamy: B. Beehler. 1985. Adaptive significance of monogamy in the trumpet manucode
Manucodia keraudrenii
(Aves: Paradisaeidae). In
Avian Monogamy,
ed. P. A. Gowaty and D. W. Mock. Washington, DC: American Ornithologists Union.