The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People (47 page)

163 This suggests that females: S. M. O'Connell and G. Cowlinshaw. 1994. Infanticide avoidance, sperm competition and female mate choice: the function of copulation calls in female baboons.
Animal Behaviour
48: 687-694.

220
THE MYTH OF MONOGAMY

163 The internal reproductive tract: M. Kanada, T. Daitoh, K. Mori, N. Maeda, K. Hirano, M. Irahara, T. Aono, and T. Mori. 1992. Etiological implication of autoantibodies to zona pellucida in human female infertility.
American journal of Reproductive Immunology
28: 104-109; K. Ahmad and R. K. Naz. 1992. Effects of human antisperm antibodies on development of preimplantation embryos.
Archives of Andrology
29: 9-20.

165 The only exception would be: G. A. Parker 1990. Sperm competition: sneaks and extra-pair copulations.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B
242: 127-133.

167 At the same time, chemicals: C. Lindholmer. 1973. Survival of human sperm in different fractions of split ejaculates.
Fertility and Sterility
24: 521-526.

167 As Baker and Bellis put it: R. R. Baker and M. A. Bellis. 1995.
Human Sperm Competition.
London: Chapman & Hall.

169 Yet most conceptions occur: C. E. Tutin. 1979. Mating patterns and reproductive strategies in a community of wild chimpanzees.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
6: 29-38.

169 Afterward, their sperm output: M. Freund. 1963. Effect of frequency of emission on semen output and an estimate of daily sperm production in man.
Journal of Reproduction and Fertility
6: 269-286.

169 By contrast, male chimps: J. Marson, D. Gervais, S. Meuris, R. W. Cooper, and P. Jouannet. 1989. Influence of ejaculation frequency on semen characteristics in chimpanzees.
Journal of Reproduction and Fertility
85: 43-50.

170 Harcourt concludes that sperm competition: A. H. Harcourt. 1991. Sperm competition and the evolution of nonfertilizing sperm in mammals.
Evolution
45: 314-328.

170 The male penchant for producing: G. A. Parker. 1982. Why are there so many tiny sperm? Sperm competition and the maintenance of two sexes.
Journal of Theoretical Biology
96: 281-294.

171 A similar pattern is found: J. T. Hogg. 1988. Copulatory tactics in relation to sperm competition in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
22:49-59.

171 And it is interesting to note: A. H. Harcourt, P. H. Harvey, S. G. Larsen, and R. V. Short. 1981. Testis weight, body weight and breeding systems in primates.
Nature
293: 55-57.

171 Researchers at the University of Chicago: G.J. Wyckoff, W. Wang, and C.-I. Wu. 2000. Rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in the descent of man.
Nature
403: 304-309.

172 So wrote a prominent nineteenth-century physician: W. Acton. 1865.
Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive System,
4th ed. London: Adams, Gold 6c Burt.

NOTES 221

172 "And we are waiting to be known": N. Angier. 1999.
Woman.
New York: Houghton Mifflin.

173 Thus, evidence is now accumulating: M. A. Bellis and R. R. Baker. 1990. Do females promote sperm competition? Data for humans.
Animal Behaviour
40: 997-999.

173 They point to the suggestive finding: N. M. Morris and J. R. Udry. 1970. Variations in pedometer activity during the menstrual cycle.
Obstetrics and Gynecology
35: 199-201.

173 They expose more skin: K. Grammer, J. Dittami, and B. Fischmann. 1993. Changes in female sexual advertisement according to menstrual cycle. Paper presented at the International Congress of Ethology, Torremolinos, Spain.

174 By spreading the breeding: A. G. Wilson and J. Terborgh. 1998. Cooperative polyandry and helping behavior in saddle-backed tamarins
(Saguinus fuscicollis).
In
Proceedings of the IXth Congress of the International Primatological Society.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

175 They are inclined to be socially monogamous: B. Kempenaers, G. R. Verheyen, M. Van den Broeck, T. Burke, C. Van Broeckhoven, and A. A. Dhondt. 1992. Extra-pair paternity results from female preference for high-quality males in the blue tit.
Nature
357: 494-496.

175 This gives females the opportunity: S. B. Hrdy. 1986. Empathy, polyandry and the myth of the coy female. In
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ed. R. Bleier. New York: Pergamon.

175 Other primates have a similar capacity: Reviewed in S. B. Hrdy and P. Whitten. 1986. The patterning of sexual activity. In
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ed. D. Cheney,

R. Seyfarth, B. Smuts, R. Wrangham, and T. Struhsaker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

176 The reason for this effect is unknown: E. Kesseru. 1984. Sexual intercourse enhances the success of artificial insemination.
International Journal of Fertility
29: 143-145.

176 In short, social considerations: A. Troisi and M. Carosi. 1998. Female orgasm rate increases with male dominance in Japanese macaques.
Animal Behaviour 56:
1261-1266.

177 When a male bighorn sheep: V. Geist. 1971.
Mountain Sheep.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

177 In one case, a female rhesus monkey: B. B. Smuts and R. W. Smuts. 1993. Male aggression and sexual coercion of females in nonhuman primates and other mammals: evidence and theoretical implications.
Advances in the Study of Behavior
22: 1-63.

178 If the errant female: H. Kurnmer. 1968.
Social Organization of Hamadryas Baboons.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

222
THE MYTH OF MONOGAMY

178 When a rival male was introduced: D. Zumpe and R. R Michael. 1990. Effects of the presence of a second male on pair-tests of captive cynomolgus monkeys
(Macaca fascicularis):
role of dominance.
American Journal of Primatology
22: 145-158.

178 It is prominent among chimps as well: J. Goodall. 1986.
The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

CHAPTER
7
SO What?

182 According to Bertrand Russell [subsequent quote]: B. Russell. 1970.
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New York: W. W. Norton.

182 Hillary, Bishop of Poitiers. 1899.
St. Hillary of Poitiers, John of Damascus.
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184 Thus psychologist Havelock Ellis [subsequent quote]: H. Ellis. 1977.
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Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

184 In their book
The Wandering Husband:
H. Spotnitz and L. Freeman. 1964.
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Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

185 As an anonymous Greek author [subsequent quote]: From L. Untermeyer. 1956.
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185 According to Denis de Rougement, there is: D. de Rougemont. 1956.
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185 According to de Rougement, we even have [subsequent quote]: Ibid.

187 Not many people reflect on a spouse's adultery [subsequent quote]: J. Joyce. 1961.
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New York: Modern Library.

190 It has been suggested that the mental health profession: F. Riesmann, J. Cohen, and A. Pearl. 1964.
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New York: Free Press.

Index

Note:
Because certain words and concepts, such as adultery, cuckoldry, extra-pair copulations (EPCs), fidelity, marriage, monogamy, pair-bond, polygyny, and sex appear throughout, they are not specifically indexed here; to find them, read the book!

Ache people, 133,135,159

adders, multiple mating by, 62

aggression by females, 117-120

alarm calling, 35

allozymes, 7

altruism, 110

Angier, Natalie, 172

Androgynes, 140-141

"Apollonian" vs. "Dionysian" cultures,

150-153 Ashcroft, R. E., 100 assortative mating, 114 asymmetry and symmetry, 75-78 Atalanta solution, the, 85-86 Augustine, Saint, 181 Austen, Jane, 91

Baker, Robin, 161-170,173

bank swallows, 31-32

Bari people of South America, 135

barn swallows, 27, 46, 51, 76, 97-98,

107-108 Bateman, A. J., 89 Beach, Frank, 147,148 Bellis, Mark, 161-170,173 Benedict, Ruth, 150-151,156 Bernstein, Carl, 10 Betzig, Laura, 148,152 bighorn sheep, 171 birds, monogamy in, 125-127 birds of paradise, 127 Birkhead, Tim, 24, 82 black-capped chickadees, 74 black-winged damselflies, 43-44 blood type, 7

blue tits, 73,109-110,121,175

body condition, importance of, 33-34

bonobos, 3

bottleneck effect, 80

brown trout, 104

Brownmiller, Susan, 52

Brynner, Yul, 125

Bulfinch, Thomas, 85

burying beetles, 119-120

Byron, Lord, 185

Carson, Rachel, 5

Carter, Jimmy, 187

Casablanca,
190

Catholicism, 183-184

cave bat bugs, insemination by proxy

in, 45 cervical crypts, 164 "cheap filler" sperm, 41-42 Chesterton, G. K., 1 chimpanzees, 41, 82, 93-94,141,168,

169

Christianity, 134, 137,182 Chukchee people, 150 Churchill, Winston, 191 Cleopatra, 62 cliff swallows, 112 Clinton, Bill, 189 cloacal pecking, 44 coercion, social, 134 collared flycatchers, 26-27 colony-living as a sexual strategy, 103 concealed ovulation, 172-175 confidence of relatedness, 98 conflicts of interest, sexual, 127-132

223

224
THE MYTH OF MONOGAMY

Congreve, William, 157 Conrad, Joseph, 112 conservatives, social, 2 consortships, 96

contest competition for fertilization, 170 Coolidge effect, 20-21, 25 cooperative breeding, 48-49 copulation frequency, 37-38, 48, 61,

89-91,160 copulatory plugs, 36,130 crab-eating macaques, 178 Croce, Benedetto, 187 cross-cultural data on infidelity, 158 cross-cultural misunderstanding, 15 cross-cultural similarities, 143 cryptic female choice, 36 cultural traditions, 142-143,152-154