The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (65 page)

_p. 341
11
.  
New York Times,
26 December 1993, p. 1.

12
.  
Washington Post,
12 May 1995, p. 1.

13
.  Bilahari Kausikan, “Asia’s Different Standard,”
Foreign Policy,
92 (Fall 1993), 28-29.

14
.  
Economist,
30 July 1994, p. 31; 5 March 1994, p. 35; 27 August 1994, p. 51; Yash Ghai, “Human Rights and Governance: The Asian Debate,” (Asia Foundation Center for Asian Pacific Affairs, Occasional Paper No. 4, November 1994), p. 14.

15
.  Richard M. Nixon,
Beyond Peace
(New York: Random House, 1994), pp. 127-128.

16
.  
Economist,
4 February 1995, p. 30.

17
.  Charles J. Brown, “In the Trenches: The Battle Over Rights,”
Freedom Review,
24 (Sept./Oct. 1993), 9; Douglas W. Payne, “Showdown in Vienna,” ibid., pp. 6-7.

18
.  Charles Norchi, “The Ayatollah and the Author: Rethinking Human Rights,”
Yale Journal of World Affairs,
1 (Summer 1989), 16; Kausikan, “Asia’s Different Standard,” p. 32.

19
.  Richard Cohen,
The Earth Times, 2
August 1993, p. 14.

20
.  
New York Times,
19 September 1993, p. 4E; 24 September 1993, pp. 1, B9, B16; 9 September 1994, p. A26;
Economist,
21 September 1993, p. 75; 18 September 1993, pp. 37-38;
Financial Times,
25-26 September 1993, p. 11;
Straits Times,
14 October 1993, p. 1.

21
.  Figures and quotes are from Myron Weiner,
Global Migration Crisis
(New York: HarperCollins, 1995), pp. 21-28.

22
.  Weiner,
Global Migration Crisis,
p. 2.

23
.  Stanley Hoffmann, “The Case for Leadership,”
Foreign Policy,
81 (Winter 1990-91), 30.

24
.  See B. A. Roberson, “Islam and Europe: An Enigma or a Myth?”
Middle East Journal,
48 (Spring 1994), p. 302;
New York Times,
5 December 1993, p. 1; 5 May 1995, p. 1; Joel Klotkin and Andries van Agt, “Bedouins: Tribes That Have Made it,”
New Perspectives Quarterly,
8 (Fall 1991), p. 51; Judith Miller, “Strangers at the Gate,”
New York Times Magazine,
15 September 1991, p. 49.

25
.  
International Herald Tribune,
29 May 1990, p. 5;
New York Times,
15 September 1994, p. A21. The French poll was sponsored by the French government, the German poll by the American Jewish Committee.

26
.  See Hans-George Betz, “The New Politics of Resentment: Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe,”
Comparative Politics,
25 (July 1993), 413-427.

27
.  
International Herald Tribune,
28 June 1993, p. 3;
Wall Street Journal,
23 May 1994; p. B1; Lawrence H. Fuchs, “The Immigration Debate: Little Room for Big Reforms,”
American Experiment, 2
(Winter 1994), 6.

28
.  James C. Clad, “Slowing the Wave,”
Foreign Policy,
95 (Summer 1994), 143; Rita J. Simon and Susan H. Alexander,
The Ambivalent Welcome: Print Media, Public Opinion and Immigration
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993), p. 46.

29
.  
New York Times,
11 June 1995, p. E14.

30
.  Jean Raspail,
The Camp of the Saints
(New York: Scribner, 1975) and Jean-Claude Chesnais,
Le Crepuscule de l’Occident: Demographie et Politique
(Paris: Robert Laffont, 1995); Pierre Lellouche, quoted in Miller, “Strangers at the Gate,” p. 80.

31
.  Philippe Fargues, “Demographic Explosion or Social Upheaval?” in Ghassan Salame, ed.,
Democracy Without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World
(London: I.B. Taurus, 1994), pp. 157ff.

Chapter 9

_p. 342
 
1
.  Adda B. Bozeman,
Strategic Intelligence and Statecraft: Selected Essays
(Washington: Brassey’s (US), 1992), p. 50; Barry Buzan, “New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-first Century,”
International Affairs,
67 (July 1991), 448-449.

 
2
.  John L. Esposito,
The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 46.

 
3
.  Bernard Lewis,
Islam and the West
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 15.

 
4
.  Esposito,
Islamic Threat,
p. 44.

 
5
.  Daniel Pipes,
In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power
(New York: Basic Books, 1983), 102-103, 169-173; Lewis F. Richardson,
Statistics of Deadly Quarrels
(Pittsburgh: Boxwood Press, 1960), pp. 235-237.

 
6
.  Ira M. Lapidus,
A History of Islamic Societies
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 41-42; Princess Anna Comnena, quoted in Karen Armstrong,
Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today’s World
(New York: Doubleday-Anchor, 1991), pp. 3-4 and in Arnold J. Toynbee,
Study of History
(London: Oxford University Press, 1954), VIII, p. 390.

 
7
.  Barry Buzan, “New Patterns,” pp. 448-449; Bernard Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage: Why So Many Muslims Deeply Resent the West and Why Their Bitterness Will Not Be Easily Mollified,”
Atlantic Monthly,
266 (September 1990), 60.

 
8
.  Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, “Cybernetic Colonialism and the Moral Search,”
New Perspectives Quarterly,
11 (Spring 1994), 19; M. J. Akbar, quoted
Time,
15 June 1992, p. 24; Abdelwahab Belwahl, quoted ibid., p. 26.

 
9
.  William H. McNeill, “Epilogue: Fundamentalism and the World of the 1990s,” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds.,
Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 569.

10
.  Fatima Mernissi,
Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World
(Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992).

11
.  For a selection of such reports, see
Economist,
1 August 1992, pp. 34-35.

12
.  John E. Reilly, ed.,
American Public Opinion and U. S. Foreign Policy
1995
(Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 1995), p. 21;
Le Monde,
20 September 1991, p. 12, cited in Margaret Blunden, “Insecurity on Europe’s Southern Flank,”
Survival,
36 (Summer 1994), 138; Richard Morin,
Washington Post
(National Weekly Ed.), 8-14 November 1993, p. 37; Foreign Policy Association, National Opinion Ballot Report, November 1994, p. 5.

13
.  
Boston Globe,
3 June 1994, p. 18; John L. Esposito, “Symposium: Resurgent Islam in the Middle East,”
Middle East Policy
3 (No. 2, 1994), 9;
International Herald Tribune,
10 May 1994, pp. 1, 4;
Christian Science Monitor,
24 February 1995, p. 1.

14
.  Robert Ellsworth,
Wall Street Journal,
1 March 1995, p. 15; William T. Johnsen,
NATO’s New Front Line: The Growing Importance of the Southern Tier
(Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1992), p. vii; Robbin Laird,
French Security Policy in Transition: Dynamics of Continuity and Change
(Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, McNair paper 38, March 1995), pp. 50-52.

15
.  Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini,
Islam and Revolution
(Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press, 1981), p. 305.

16
.  
Economist,
23 November 1991, p. 15.

_p. 343
17
.  Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal, “Rethinking East Asian Security,”
Survival,
36 (Summer 1994), 15.

18
.  
Can China’s Armed Forces Win the Next War?,
excerpts translated and published in Ross H. Munro, “Eavesdropping on the Chinese Military: Where It Expects War—Where It Doesn’t,”
Orbis,
38 (Summer 1994), 365. The authors of this document went on to say that the use of military force against Taiwan “would be a really unwise decision.”

19
.  Buzan and Segal, “Rethinking East Asian Security,” p. 7; Richard K. Betts, “Wealth, Power and Instability: East Asia and the United States After the Cold War,”
International Security,
18 (Winter 1993/94), 34-77; Aaron L. Friedberg, “Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in Multipolar Asia,”
International Security,
18 (Winter 1993/94), 5-33.

20
.  
Can China’s Armed Forces Win the Next War?
excerpts translated in Munro, “Eavesdropping on the Chinese,” pp. 355ff.;
New York Times,
16 November 1993, p. A6; Friedberg, “Ripe for Rivalry,” p. 7.

21
.  Desmond Ball, “Arms and Affluence: Military Acquisitions in the Asia-Pacific Region,”
International Security,
18 (Winter 1993/94), 95-111; Michael T. Klare, “The Next Great Arms Race,”
Foreign Affairs,
72 (Summer 1993), 137ff.; Buzan and Segal, “Rethinking East Asian Security,” pp. 8-11; Gerald Segal, “Managing New Arms Races in the Asia/Pacific,”
Washington Quarterly,
15 (Summer 1992), 83-102;
Economist,
20 February 1993, pp. 19-22.

22
.  See, e.g.,
Economist,
26 June 1993, p. 75; 24 July 1995, p. 25;
Time,
3 July 1995, pp. 30-31; and on China, Jacob Heilbrunn, “The Next Cold War,”
New Republic,
20 November 1995, pp. 27ff.

23
.  For discussion of the varieties of trade wars and when they may lead to military wars, see David Rowe,
Trade Wars and International Security: The Political Economy of International Economic Conflict
(Working paper no. 6, Project on the Changing Security Environment and American National Interests, John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University, July 1994), pp. 7ff.

24
.  
New York Times,
6 July 1993, p. A1, A6;
Time,
10 February 1992, pp. 16ff.
_;
Economist,
17 February 1990, pp. 21-24;
Boston Globe,
25 November 1991, pp. 1, 8; Dan Oberdorfer,
Washington Post,
1 March 1992, p. A1.

25
.  Quoted
New York Times,
21 April 1992, p. A10;
New York Times,
22 September 1991, p. E2; 21 April 1992, p. A1; 19 September 1991, p. A7; 1 August 1995, p. A2;
International Herald Tribune,
24 August 1995, p. 4;
China Post (Taipei),
26 August 1995, p. 2;
New York Times,
1 August 1995, p. A2, citing David Shambaugh report on interviews in Beijing.

26
.  Donald Zagoria, American Foreign Policy Newsletter, October 1993, p. 3;
Can China’s Armed Forces Win the Next War?,
in Munro, “Eavesdropping on the Chinese Military,” pp. 355ff.

27
.  Roger C. Altman, “Why Pressure Tokyo? The US-Japan Rift,”
Foreign Affairs,
73 (May-June 1994), p. 3; Jeffrey Garten, “The Clinton Asia Policy,”
International Economy,
8 (March-April 1994), 18.

28
.  Edward J. Lincoln,
]apan’s Unequal Trade,
(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1990), pp. 2-3. See C. Fred Bergsten and Marcus Noland,
Reconcilable Differences? United States-]apan Economic Conflict
(Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1993); Eisuke Sakakibara, “Less Like You,”
International Economy,
(April-May 1990), 36, who distinguishes the American capitalistic market economy from the Japanese noncapitalistic market economy; Marie Anchordoguy, “Japanese-American
_p. 344
Trade Conflict and Supercomputers,”
Political Science Quarterly,
109 (Spring 1994), 36, citing Rudiger Dornbush, Paul Krugman, Edward J. Lincoln, and Mordechai E. Kreinin; Eamonn Fingleton, “Japan’s Invisible Leviathan,”
Foreign Affairs,
74 (Mar./April 1995), p. 70.

29
.  For a good summary of differences in culture, values, social relations, and attitudes, see Seymour Martin Lipset,
American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), chapter 7, “American Exceptionalism—Japanese Uniqueness.”

30
.  
Washington Post,
5 May 1994, p. A38;
Daily Telegraph,
6 May 1994, p. 16;
Boston Globe,
6 May 1994, p. 11;
New York Times,
13 February 1994, p. 10; Karl D. Jackson, “How to Rebuild America’s Stature in Asia,”
Orbis,
39 (Winter 1995), 14; Yohei Kono, quoted in Chalmers Johnson and E. B. Keehn, “The Pentagon’s Ossified Strategy,”
Foreign Affairs,
74 (July-August 1995), 106.

31
.  
New York Times,
2 May 1994, p. A10.

32
.  Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal, “Asia: Skepticism About Optimism,”
National Interest,
39 (Spring 1995), 83-84; Arthur Waldron, “Deterring China,”
Commentary,
100 (October 1995), 18; Nicholas D. Kristof, “The Rise of China,”
Foreign Affairs,
72 (Nov./Dec. 1993), 74.

33
.  Stephen P. Walt, “Alliance Formation in Southwest Asia: Balancing and Band-wagoning in Cold War Competition,” in Robert Jervis and Jack Snyder, eds.,
Dominoes and Bandwagons: Strategic Beliefs and Great Power Competition in the Eurasian Rimland
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 53, 69.

34
.  Randall L. Schweller, “Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In,”
International Security,
19 (Summer 1994), 72ff.

35
.  Lucian W. Pye,
Dynamics of Factions and Consensus in Chinese Politics: A Model and Some Propositions
(Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1980), p. 120; Arthur Waldron,
From War to Nationalism: China’s Turning Point, 1924-1925
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 48-49, 212; Avery Goldstein,
From Bandwagon to Balance-of-Power Politics: Structured Constraints in Politics in China, 1949-1978
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press: 1991), pp. 5-6, 35ff. See also, Lucian W. Pye, “Social Science Theories in Search of Chinese Realities,”
China Quarterly,
132 (December 1992), 1161-1171.