The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (61 page)

18
.  On the role of fragments of European civilization creating new societies in North America, Latin America, South Africa, and Australia, see Louis Hartz,
The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia
(New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964).

19
.  Dawson,
Dynamics of World History,
p. 128. See also Mary C. Bateson, “Beyond Sovereignty: An Emerging Global Civilization,” in R. B. J. Walker and Saul H. Mendlovitz, eds.,
Contending Sovereignties: Redefining Political Community
(Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 148-149.

20
.  Toynbee classifies both Therevada and Lamaist Buddhism as fossil civilizations,
Study of History,
I, 35, 91-92.

_p. 327
21
.  See, for example, Bernard Lewis,
Islam and the West
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Toynbee,
Study of History,
chap. IX, “Contacts between Civilizations in Space (Encounters between Contemporaries),” VIII, 88ff; Benjamin Nelson, “Civilizational Complexes and Intercivilizational Encounters,”
Sociological Analysis,
34 (Summer 1973), 79-105.

22
.  S. N. Eisenstadt, “Cultural Traditions and Political Dynamics: The Origins and Modes of Ideological Politics,”
British Journal of Sociology,
32 (June 1981), 157, and “The Axial Age: The Emergence of Transcendental Visions and the Rise of Clerics,”
Archives Europeennes de Sociologie,
22 (No. 1, 1982), 298. See also Benjamin I. Schwartz, “The Age of Transcendence in Wisdom, Revolution, and Doubt: Perspectives on the First Millennium B.C.,”
Daedalus,
104 (Spring 1975), 3. The concept of the Axial Age derives from Karl Jaspers,
Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte
(Zurich: Artemisverlag, 1949).

23
.  Toynbee,
Civilization on Trial,
p. 69. Cf. William H. McNeill,
The Rise of the West,
pp. 295-298, who emphasizes the extent to which by the advent of the Christian era, “Organized trade routes, both by land and by sea, . . . linked the four great cultures of the continent.”

24
.  Braudel,
On History,
p. 14: “. . . cultural influence came in small doses, delayed by the length and slowness of the journeys they had to make. If historians are to be believed, the Chinese fashions of the Tang period [618-907] travelled so slowly that they did not reach the island of Cyprus and the brilliant court of Lusignan until the fifteenth century. From there they spread, at the quicker speed of Mediterranean trade, to France and the eccentric court of Charles VI, where hennins and shoes with long pointed toes became immensely popular, the heritage of a long vanished world—much as light still reaches us from stars already extinct.”

25
.  See Toynbee,
Study of History,
VIII, 347-348.

26
.  McNeill,
Rise of the West,
p. 547.

27
.  D. K. Fieldhouse,
Economics and Empire, 1830-1914
(London: Macmillan, 1984), p. 3; F. J. C. Hearnshaw,
Sea Power and Empire
(London: George Harrap and Co, 1940), p. 179.

28
.  Geoffrey Parker,
The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 4; Michael Howard, “The Military Factor in European Expansion,” in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, eds.,
The Expansion of International Society
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), pp. 33ff.

29
.  A. G. Kenwood and A. L. Lougheed,
The Growth of the International Economy 1820-1990
(London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 78-79; Angus Maddison,
Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 326-27; Alan S. Blinder, reported in the
New York Times,
12 March 1995, p. 5E. See also Simon Kuznets, “Quantitative Aspects of the Economic Growth of Nations – X. Level and Structure of Foreign Trade: Long-term Trends,”
Economic Development and Cultural Change,
15 (Jan. 1967, part II), pp. 2-10.

30
.  Charles Tilly, “Reflections on the History of European State-making,” in Tilly, ed.,
The Formation of National States in Western Europe
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 18.

31
.  R. R. Palmer, “Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bulow: From Dynastic to National War,” in Peter Paret, ed.,
Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear
Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 119.

32
.  Edward Mortimer, “Christianity and Islam,”
International Affairs,
67 (Jan. 1991), 7.

33
.  Hedley Bull,
The Anarchical Society
(New York: Columbia University Press,
_p. 328
1977), pp. 9-13. See also Adam Watson,
The Evolution of International Society
(London: Routledge, 1992), and Barry Buzan, “From International System to International Society: Structural Realism and Regime Theory Meet the English School,”
International Organization,
47 (Summer 1993), 327-352, who distinguishes between “civilizational” and “functional” models of international society and concludes that “civilizational international societies have dominated the historical record” and that there “appear to be no pure cases of functional international societies.” (p. 336).

34
.  Spengler,
Decline of the West,
I, 93-94.

35
.  Toynbee,
Study of History,
I, 149ff, 154, 157ff.

36
.  Braudel,
On History,
p. xxxiii.

Chapter 3

 
1
.  V. S. Naipaul, “Our Universal Civilization,” The 1990 Wriston Lecture, The Manhattan Institute,
New York Review of Books,
30 October 1990, p. 20.

 
2
.  See James Q. Wilson,
The Moral Sense
(New York: Free Press, 1993); Michael Walzer,
Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad
(Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994), esp. chaps. 1 and 4; and for a brief overview, Frances V. Harbour, “Basic Moral Values: A Shared Core,”
Ethics and International Affairs,
9 (1995), 155-170.

 
3
.  Vaclav Havel, “Civilization’s Thin Veneer,”
Harvard Magazine,
97 (July-August 1995), 32.

 
4
.  Hedley Bull,
The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), p. 317.

 
5
.  John Rockwell, “The New Colossus: American Culture as Power Export,” and several authors, “Channel-Surfing Through U.S. Culture in 20 Lands,”
New York Times,
30 January 1994, sec. 2, pp. 1ff; David Rieff, “A Global Culture,”
World Policy Journal,
10 (Winter 1993-94), 73-81.

 
6
.  Michael Vlahos, “Culture and Foreign Policy,”
Foreign Policy,
82 (Spring 1991), 69; Kishore Mahbubani, “The Dangers of Decadence: What the Rest Can Teach the West,”
Foreign Affairs,
72 (Sept./Oct. 1993), 12.

 
7
.  Aaron L. Friedberg, “The Future of American Power,”
Political Science Quarterly,
109 (Spring 1994), 15.

 
8
.  Richard Parker, “The Myth of Global News,”
New Perspectives Quarterly,
11 (Winter 1994), 41-44; Michael Gurevitch, Mark R. Levy, and Itzhak Roeh, “The Global Newsroom: convergences and diversities in the globalization of television news,” in Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks, eds.,
Communication and Citizenship: Journalism and the Public Sphere in the New Media
(London: Routledge, 1991), p. 215.

 
9
.  Ronald Dore, “Unity and Diversity in World Culture,” in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, eds.,
The Expansion of International Society
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 423.

10
.  Robert L. Bartley, “The Case for Optimism—The West Should Believe in Itself,”
Foreign Affairs,
72 (Sept./Oct. 1993), 16.

11
.  See Joshua A. Fishman, “The Spread of English as a New Perspective for the Study of Language Maintenance and Language Shift,” in Joshua A. Fishman, Robert L. Cooper, and Andrew W. Conrad,
The Spread of English: The Sociology of English as an Additional Language
(Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 1977), pp. 108ff.

12
.  Fishman, “Spread of English as a New Perspective,” pp. 118-119.

13
.  Randolf Quirk, in Braj B. Kachru,
The Indianization of English
(Delhi: Oxford, 1983), p. ii; R. S. Gupta and Kapil Kapoor, eds.,
English in India—Issues and Problems
_p. 329
(Delhi: Academic Foundation, 1991), p. 21. Cf. Sarvepalli Gopal, “The English Language in India,”
Encounter,
73 (July/Aug. 1989), 16, who estimates 35 million Indians “speak and write English of some type or other.” World Bank,
World Development Report 1985, 1991
(New York: Oxford University Press), table 1.

14
.  Kapoor and Gupta, “Introduction,” in Gupta and Kapoor, eds.,
English in India,
p. 21; Gopal, “English Language,” p. 16.

15
.  Fishman, “Spread of English as a New Perspective,” p. 115.

16
.  See
Newsweek,
19 July 1993, p. 22.

17
.  Quoted by R. N. Srivastava and V. P. Sharma, “Indian English Today,” in Gupta and Kapoor, eds.,
English in India,
p. 191; Gopal, “English Language,” p. 17.

18
.  
New
York Times,
16 July 1993, p. A9;
Boston
Globe,
15 July 1993, p. 13.

19
.  In addition to the projections in the
World Christian Encyclopedia,
see also those of Jean Bourgeois-Pichat, “Le nombre des hommes: État et prospective,” in Albert Jacquard et al.,
Les Scientifiques Parlent
(Paris: Hachette, 1987), pp. 140, 143, 151, 154-156.

20
.  Edward Said on V. S. Naipaul, quoted by Brent Staples, “Con Men and Conquerors,”
New York Times Book Review,
22 May 1994, p. 42.

21
.  A. G. Kenwood and A. L. Lougheed,
The Growth of the International Economy 1820-1990
(London: Routledge, 3rd ed., 1992), pp. 78-79; Angus Maddison,
Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 326-327; Alan S. Blinder,
New York Times,
12 March 1995, p. 5E.

22
.  David M. Rowe, “The Trade and Security Paradox in International Politics,” (unpublished manuscript, Ohio State University, 15 Sept. 1994), p. 16.

23
.  Dale C. Copeland, “Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations,”
International Security
20 (Spring 1996), 25.

24
.  William J. McGuire and Claire V. McGuire, “Content and Process in the Experience of Self,”
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,
21 (1988), 102.

25
.  Donald L. Horowitz, “Ethnic Conflict Management for Policy-Makers,” in Joseph V. Montville and Hans Binnendijk, eds.,
Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies
(Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990), p. 121.

26
.  Roland Robertson, “Globalization Theory and Civilizational Analysis,”
Comparative Civilizations Review,
17 (Fall 1987), 22; Jeffery A. Shad, Jr., “Globalization and Islamic Resurgence,”
Comparative Civilizations
Review
, 19 (Fall 1988), 67.

27
.  See Cyril E. Black,
The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History
(New York: Harper & Row, 1966), pp. 1-34; Reinhard Bendix, “Tradition and Modernity Reconsidered,”
Comparative Studies in Society and History,
9 (April 1967), 292-293.

28
.  Fernand Braudel,
On History
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), p. 213.

29
.  The literature on the distinctive characteristics of Western civilization is, of course, immense. See, among others, William H. McNeill,
Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963); Braudel,
On
History
and earlier works; Immanuel Wallerstein,
Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System,
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). Karl W. Deutsch has produced a comprehensive, succinct, and highly suggestive comparison of the West and nine other civilizations in terms of twenty-one geographical, cultural, economic, technological, social, and political factors, emphasizing the extent to which the West differs from the others. See Karl W. Deutsch, “On Nationalism, World Regions, and the Nature of the West,” in Per Torsvik, ed.,
Mobilization, Center
-
_p. 330
Periphery Structures, and Nation-building: A Volume in Commemoration of Stein Rok
kan
(Bergen: Universitetsforlaget, 1981), pp. 51-93. For a succinct summary of the salient and distinctive features of Western civilization in 1500, see Charles Tilly, “Reflections on the History of European State-making,” in Tilly, ed.,
The Formation of National States in Western Europe
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 18ff.

30
.  Deutsch, “Nationalism, World Regions, and the West,” p. 77.

31
.  See Robert D. Putnam,
Making Democracy Work: Civil Traditions in Modern Italy
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 121ff.

32
.  Deutsch, “Nationalism, World Regions, and the West,” p. 78. See also Stein Rokkan, “Dimensions of State Formation and Nation-building: A Possible Paradigm for Research on Variations within Europe,” in Charles Tilly,
The Formation of National States in Western Europe
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 576, and Putnam,
Making Democracy Work,
pp. 124-127.

33
.  Geert Hofstede, “National Cultures in Four Dimensions: A Research-based Theory of Cultural Differences among Nations,”
International Studies of Management and Organization,
13 (1983), 52.