Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion (54 page)
Authors: Edward J. Larson
BOOK: Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion
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49
Transcript, 211.
Transcript, 211.
50
Transcript, 216-80.
Transcript, 216-80.
51
Transcript, 225-27.
Transcript, 225-27.
52
Scopes, Center of the Storm, 114.
Scopes, Center of the Storm, 114.
53
“Bryan, Made Witness in Open Air Court, Shakes His Fist at Darrow Amid Cheers; Apology End Contempt Proceedings,” New York Times, 21 July 1925, p. 1.
“Bryan, Made Witness in Open Air Court, Shakes His Fist at Darrow Amid Cheers; Apology End Contempt Proceedings,” New York Times, 21 July 1925, p. 1.
54
“Defense Counsel Make Ready for Final Battle,” 1.
“Defense Counsel Make Ready for Final Battle,” 1.
55
Scopes,
Center of the Storm,
166.
Scopes,
Center of the Storm,
166.
56
Transcript, 288.
Transcript, 288.
57
“Big Crowd Watches Trial Under Trees,”
New York Times,
21 July 1925, p. I.
“Big Crowd Watches Trial Under Trees,”
New York Times,
21 July 1925, p. I.
58
Ralph Perry, “Added Thrill Given Dayton,”
Nashville Banner,
21 July I925, p. 2.
Ralph Perry, “Added Thrill Given Dayton,”
Nashville Banner,
21 July I925, p. 2.
59
Darrow,
My Life,
267.
Darrow,
My Life,
267.
60
Transcript, 285.
Transcript, 285.
61
Transcript, 302.
Transcript, 302.
62
Hays,
Let Freedom Ring,
77.
Hays,
Let Freedom Ring,
77.
63
Scopes,
Center of the Storm,
178.
Scopes,
Center of the Storm,
178.
64
Transcript, 302.
Transcript, 302.
65
“Bryan, Made Witness in Open Air Court,” 1.
“Bryan, Made Witness in Open Air Court,” 1.
66
Transcript, 299.
Transcript, 299.
67
Transcript, 304.
Transcript, 304.
68
Ralph Perry, “Added Thrill Given Dayton,”
Nashville Banner,
21 July 1925, p. 2.
Ralph Perry, “Added Thrill Given Dayton,”
Nashville Banner,
21 July 1925, p. 2.
69
Sterling Tracy, “Darrow Quizzes Bryan; Agnosticism in Clash with Fundamentalism,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 21 July 1925, p. 1.
Sterling Tracy, “Darrow Quizzes Bryan; Agnosticism in Clash with Fundamentalism,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 21 July 1925, p. 1.
70
Clarence Darrow to H. L. Mencken, 15 August 1925, in H. L. Mencken Collection, New York Public Library, NY.
Clarence Darrow to H. L. Mencken, 15 August 1925, in H. L. Mencken Collection, New York Public Library, NY.
71
Transcript, 305.
Transcript, 305.
72
Transcript, 306-8.
Transcript, 306-8.
73
Transcript, 311—12.
Transcript, 311—12.
74
Corinne Rich, “Jurors Know Least About Scopes Trial,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 22 July 1925, p. 1.
Corinne Rich, “Jurors Know Least About Scopes Trial,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 22 July 1925, p. 1.
75
“Scopes Fined $100,”
Chattanooga Times,
22 July 1925, p. 1.
“Scopes Fined $100,”
Chattanooga Times,
22 July 1925, p. 1.
76
Sterling Tracy, “Scopes Is Convicted; Draws $100 Fine for Teaching Evolution,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 22 July 1925, p. 1.
Sterling Tracy, “Scopes Is Convicted; Draws $100 Fine for Teaching Evolution,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 22 July 1925, p. 1.
77
Transcript, 316-17.
Transcript, 316-17.
1
Lawrence W. Levine,
Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryan, The Last Decade, 1915—1925
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 355.
Lawrence W. Levine,
Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryan, The Last Decade, 1915—1925
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 355.
2
“Commoner Propounds 9 Specific Questions to Chicago Attorney,”
Knoxville Journal,
22 July 1925, p. 8.
“Commoner Propounds 9 Specific Questions to Chicago Attorney,”
Knoxville Journal,
22 July 1925, p. 8.
3
“Dayton Hears Parting Shots,”
Nashville Banner,
22 July 1925, p. 4.
“Dayton Hears Parting Shots,”
Nashville Banner,
22 July 1925, p. 4.
4
“Bryan Doesn’t Claim ‘To Know Everything’; He Replies to Foes,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 23 July 1925, p. 1.
“Bryan Doesn’t Claim ‘To Know Everything’; He Replies to Foes,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 23 July 1925, p. 1.
5
Transcript, 338. (Bryan’s unused closing argument was printed as a supplement in the unofficial published version of the trial transcript.)
Transcript, 338. (Bryan’s unused closing argument was printed as a supplement in the unofficial published version of the trial transcript.)
6
George F. Milton, “A Dayton Postscript,”
Outlook
140 (1925), 552. For a similar comment, see Milton’s editorial, “Disgraceful Performance,”
Chattanooga News,
21 July 1925, p. 8.
George F. Milton, “A Dayton Postscript,”
Outlook
140 (1925), 552. For a similar comment, see Milton’s editorial, “Disgraceful Performance,”
Chattanooga News,
21 July 1925, p. 8.
7
Ray Ginger,
Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes
(London : Oxford University Press, 1958), 192; “Bryan Satisfied with His Recent Crusades,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 23 July 1925, p. 3.
Ray Ginger,
Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes
(London : Oxford University Press, 1958), 192; “Bryan Satisfied with His Recent Crusades,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 23 July 1925, p. 3.
8
Grace Dexter Bryan to Judge Sue Hicks, 12 April 1940, in Hicks Papers.
Grace Dexter Bryan to Judge Sue Hicks, 12 April 1940, in Hicks Papers.
9
William Jennings Bryan and Mary Baird Bryan,
The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan
(Philadelphia: United, 1925), 485-86.
William Jennings Bryan and Mary Baird Bryan,
The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan
(Philadelphia: United, 1925), 485-86.
10
Transcript, 339.
Transcript, 339.
11
Irving Stone,
Clarence Darrow for the Defense
(New York: Doubleday, 1941), 464; Joseph Wood Krutch, “The Great Monkey Trial,”
Commentary
(May 1967), 84; Robert D. Linder, “Fifty Years After Scopes: Lessons to Learn, a Heritage to Reclaim,”
Christianity Today,
18 July 1975, p. 9.
Irving Stone,
Clarence Darrow for the Defense
(New York: Doubleday, 1941), 464; Joseph Wood Krutch, “The Great Monkey Trial,”
Commentary
(May 1967), 84; Robert D. Linder, “Fifty Years After Scopes: Lessons to Learn, a Heritage to Reclaim,”
Christianity Today,
18 July 1975, p. 9.
12
Arthur Garfield Hays,
Let Freedom Ring
(New York: Liveright, 1928), 79-80. i13. “Dayton Snap Shots,”
Nashville Banner,
12 July 1925, p. 8.
Arthur Garfield Hays,
Let Freedom Ring
(New York: Liveright, 1928), 79-80. i13. “Dayton Snap Shots,”
Nashville Banner,
12 July 1925, p. 8.
14
“Dayton Back to Earth,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 23 July 1925, p. 2; “Dayton’s Subsidence,”
Nashville
Banner, 22 July 1925, p. 8; John T. Scopes,
Center of the Storm:
Memoirs
of John T. Scopes
(New York: Holt, 1967), 191-95.
“Dayton Back to Earth,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 23 July 1925, p. 2; “Dayton’s Subsidence,”
Nashville
Banner, 22 July 1925, p. 8; John T. Scopes,
Center of the Storm:
Memoirs
of John T. Scopes
(New York: Holt, 1967), 191-95.
15
Scopes,
Center of the Storm,
194, 206-7.
Scopes,
Center of the Storm,
194, 206-7.
16
Russell D. Owen, “The Significance of the Scopes Trial,”
Current History
22 (1925), 875.
Russell D. Owen, “The Significance of the Scopes Trial,”
Current History
22 (1925), 875.
17
Herbert E. Hicks to Ira Evans Hicks, 22 July 1925, in Hicks Papers; “Malone Talks at Follies,”
New York Times,
24 July 1925, p. 13; Arthur Garfield Hays, “The Strategy of the Scopes Defense,”
The Nation,
5 August 1925, p. 158.
Herbert E. Hicks to Ira Evans Hicks, 22 July 1925, in Hicks Papers; “Malone Talks at Follies,”
New York Times,
24 July 1925, p. 13; Arthur Garfield Hays, “The Strategy of the Scopes Defense,”
The Nation,
5 August 1925, p. 158.
18
H. L. Mencken, “The Monkey Trial: A Reporter’s Account,” in Jerry D. Tompkins, ed.,
D-Days at Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 51 (reprint of 18 July 1925 article); “Says Evolution Laws Will Become General,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 23 July
1
9
2
5, p. 4.
H. L. Mencken, “The Monkey Trial: A Reporter’s Account,” in Jerry D. Tompkins, ed.,
D-Days at Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 51 (reprint of 18 July 1925 article); “Says Evolution Laws Will Become General,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 23 July
1
9
2
5, p. 4.
19
Ralph Perry, “Both Won in Scopes Hearing,”
Nashville Banner,
22 July 1925, p. 1.
Ralph Perry, “Both Won in Scopes Hearing,”
Nashville Banner,
22 July 1925, p. 1.
20
T. W. Callaway, “Think Darrow Met His Match,”
Chattanooga Times,
22 July 1925, p. 2; W. S. Keese, “Declares Bryan Shorn of Strength,”
Chattanooga Times,
22 July 1925, p. 2.
T. W. Callaway, “Think Darrow Met His Match,”
Chattanooga Times,
22 July 1925, p. 2; W. S. Keese, “Declares Bryan Shorn of Strength,”
Chattanooga Times,
22 July 1925, p. 2.
21
“Real Religion and Real Science,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 26 July 1925, sec. 1, p. 4.
“Real Religion and Real Science,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 26 July 1925, sec. 1, p. 4.
22
Frank R. Kent, “On the Dayton Firing Line,” The New Republic 43 (1925), 259.
Frank R. Kent, “On the Dayton Firing Line,” The New Republic 43 (1925), 259.
23
“Ended at Last,” New York Times, 22 July 1925, p. 18; “As Expected, Bryan Wins,”
Chicago
Tribune, 22 July 1925, p. 8.
“Ended at Last,” New York Times, 22 July 1925, p. 18; “As Expected, Bryan Wins,”
Chicago
Tribune, 22 July 1925, p. 8.
24
“Dayton’s ‘Amazing’ Trial,” Literary Digest, 25 July 1925, p. 7.
“Dayton’s ‘Amazing’ Trial,” Literary Digest, 25 July 1925, p. 7.
25
“2,000,000 Words Wired to the Press,”
New York Times,
22 July 1925, p. 22; “The End in Sight at Dayton,”
New York Times,
18 July 1925, p. 12; Transcript, 316.
“2,000,000 Words Wired to the Press,”
New York Times,
22 July 1925, p. 22; “The End in Sight at Dayton,”
New York Times,
18 July 1925, p. 12; Transcript, 316.
26
Howard W. Odum, “Duel to the Death,”
Social Forces
4 (1925), 190.
Howard W. Odum, “Duel to the Death,”
Social Forces
4 (1925), 190.
27
“His Death Dramatic,”
New York World,
27 July 1925, p. 16.
“His Death Dramatic,”
New York World,
27 July 1925, p. 16.
28
Scopes, Center of the Storm, 203; G. W. Rappleyea to Forrest Bailey, 7 August 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Austin Peay, “The Passing of William Jennings Bryan,” in Austin Peay,
A Collection of State Papers and Political Addresses
(Kingsport, TN: Southern, 1929), 450.
Scopes, Center of the Storm, 203; G. W. Rappleyea to Forrest Bailey, 7 August 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Austin Peay, “The Passing of William Jennings Bryan,” in Austin Peay,
A Collection of State Papers and Political Addresses
(Kingsport, TN: Southern, 1929), 450.
29
“Comment of Press of Nation on Bryan’s Death,”
New York Times,
27 July 1925, p. 2.
“Comment of Press of Nation on Bryan’s Death,”
New York Times,
27 July 1925, p. 2.
30
Charles O. Oaks, “Death of William Jennings Bryan,” in Norm Cohen, “Scopes and Evolution in Hillbilly Songs,”
JEMF Quarterly
6 (1970), 176; W. B. Riley, “Bryan: The Great Commoner and Christian,”
Christian Fundamentals in School and Church
7 (October 1925), 9, 11.
Charles O. Oaks, “Death of William Jennings Bryan,” in Norm Cohen, “Scopes and Evolution in Hillbilly Songs,”
JEMF Quarterly
6 (1970), 176; W. B. Riley, “Bryan: The Great Commoner and Christian,”
Christian Fundamentals in School and Church
7 (October 1925), 9, 11.
31
“Evolution Issue in Congress, Forecast,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 30 July 1925, p. 1.
“Evolution Issue in Congress, Forecast,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 30 July 1925, p. 1.
32
“Mississippi May Ban Theory of Evolution,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 31 July 1925, p. 1; “Tennessee Man Attacks Evolution,” Clarion-Ledger (Jackson), 9 February 1926, p. 3.
“Mississippi May Ban Theory of Evolution,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 31 July 1925, p. 1; “Tennessee Man Attacks Evolution,” Clarion-Ledger (Jackson), 9 February 1926, p. 3.
33
Frank R. Kent, “On the Dayton Firing Line,”
The New Republic
43 (1925), 260; “Dr. John Roach Straton Challenges Darrow,”
Johnstown Democrat,
20 August 1925, p. 16; Riley, “Bryan: The Great Commoner and Christian,” 11. About the same time, J. Frank Norris compared Bryan standing against Darrow to “Moses challenging Pharaoh” and “Martin Luther hurling his thesis [sic] at Pope Leo X. It is the greatest battle of the centuries.” See James J. Thompson, Jr.,
Trial as by Fire: Southern Baptists and the Religious Controversies of the 1920s
(Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1982), 132.
Frank R. Kent, “On the Dayton Firing Line,”
The New Republic
43 (1925), 260; “Dr. John Roach Straton Challenges Darrow,”
Johnstown Democrat,
20 August 1925, p. 16; Riley, “Bryan: The Great Commoner and Christian,” 11. About the same time, J. Frank Norris compared Bryan standing against Darrow to “Moses challenging Pharaoh” and “Martin Luther hurling his thesis [sic] at Pope Leo X. It is the greatest battle of the centuries.” See James J. Thompson, Jr.,
Trial as by Fire: Southern Baptists and the Religious Controversies of the 1920s
(Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1982), 132.
34
Cohen, “Scopes and Evolution in Hillbilly Songs,” 176—81; “Demand for Special Record,”
Talking Machine World
(15 September 1925), 83; see also Mel R. Wilhoit, “Music of the Scopes Monkey Trial,” typescript, Bryan College Music Department, Dayton, Tennessee, 1995. The country music classic, “A Boy Named Sue,” a distant cousin of these Scopes songs, was inspired by the Scopes prosecutor Sue Hicks. Juanita Glenn, “Judge Still Recalls ‘Monkey Trial’—50 Years Later,”
Knoxville Journal,
11 July 1975, 17.
Cohen, “Scopes and Evolution in Hillbilly Songs,” 176—81; “Demand for Special Record,”
Talking Machine World
(15 September 1925), 83; see also Mel R. Wilhoit, “Music of the Scopes Monkey Trial,” typescript, Bryan College Music Department, Dayton, Tennessee, 1995. The country music classic, “A Boy Named Sue,” a distant cousin of these Scopes songs, was inspired by the Scopes prosecutor Sue Hicks. Juanita Glenn, “Judge Still Recalls ‘Monkey Trial’—50 Years Later,”
Knoxville Journal,
11 July 1975, 17.
35
H. L. Mencken, “Editorial,”
American Mercury
6 (1925), 159.
H. L. Mencken, “Editorial,”
American Mercury
6 (1925), 159.
36
Ronald L. Numbers, “The Scopes Trial: History and Legend,”
Southern Culture
(forthcoming); “Dayton and After,”
Nation
121 (1925), 155-56; Mencken, “Editorial,” 160; Maynard Shipley,
The War on Modern Science
(New York: Knopf, 1927), 3—4.
Ronald L. Numbers, “The Scopes Trial: History and Legend,”
Southern Culture
(forthcoming); “Dayton and After,”
Nation
121 (1925), 155-56; Mencken, “Editorial,” 160; Maynard Shipley,
The War on Modern Science
(New York: Knopf, 1927), 3—4.
37
“Darrow’s Blunder,”
New York World,
23 July 1925, p. 18; “Darrow Betrayed Himself,”
Times-Picayune
(New Orleans), 23 July 1925, p. 8.
“Darrow’s Blunder,”
New York World,
23 July 1925, p. 18; “Darrow Betrayed Himself,”
Times-Picayune
(New Orleans), 23 July 1925, p. 8.
38
“The Scopes Case Counsel,”
Religious Weekly Review,
27 June 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 276; Brower Eddy to John R. Neal, 10 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Edwin Mims, “Modern Education and Religion,” 6, in Mims Papers; Raymond B. Fosdick to Roger N. Baldwin, 19 October 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Roger N. Baldwin to Raymond B. Fosdick, 21 October 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
“The Scopes Case Counsel,”
Religious Weekly Review,
27 June 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 276; Brower Eddy to John R. Neal, 10 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Edwin Mims, “Modern Education and Religion,” 6, in Mims Papers; Raymond B. Fosdick to Roger N. Baldwin, 19 October 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Roger N. Baldwin to Raymond B. Fosdick, 21 October 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
39
ACLU Executive Committee, “Minutes,” 3 August 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 279; Forrest Bailey to Clarence Darrow, 2 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 275 (quoting from earlier letter to Neal); Rappleyea to Bailey, 7 August 1925.
ACLU Executive Committee, “Minutes,” 3 August 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 279; Forrest Bailey to Clarence Darrow, 2 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 275 (quoting from earlier letter to Neal); Rappleyea to Bailey, 7 August 1925.
40
Forrest Bailey to Charles H. Strong, 12 August 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274 (similar letters in same volume); “The Conduct of the Scopes Trial,”
The New Republic
43 (1925), 332.
Forrest Bailey to Charles H. Strong, 12 August 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274 (similar letters in same volume); “The Conduct of the Scopes Trial,”
The New Republic
43 (1925), 332.
41
Bailey to Darrow, 2 September 1925; Clarence Darrow to Forrest Bailey, 4 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
Bailey to Darrow, 2 September 1925; Clarence Darrow to Forrest Bailey, 4 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
42
Forrest Bailey to Walter Nelles, 4 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; “Mr Hughes and the Tennessee Law,”
New York World,
3 September 1925, p. 8; Arthur Garfield Hays to Walter Nelles, 9 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Walter Nelles to Arthur Garfield Hays, 10 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
Forrest Bailey to Walter Nelles, 4 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; “Mr Hughes and the Tennessee Law,”
New York World,
3 September 1925, p. 8; Arthur Garfield Hays to Walter Nelles, 9 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Walter Nelles to Arthur Garfield Hays, 10 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
43
Transcript, 288; Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 51 (reprint of 18 July 1925 article) ; Joseph Wood Krutch, “Darrow vs. Bryan,”
Nation,
29 July 1925, p. 136; Maynard M. Metcalf et al. to Michael I. Pupin, 17 August 1925, in Darrow Papers.
Transcript, 288; Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 51 (reprint of 18 July 1925 article) ; Joseph Wood Krutch, “Darrow vs. Bryan,”
Nation,
29 July 1925, p. 136; Maynard M. Metcalf et al. to Michael I. Pupin, 17 August 1925, in Darrow Papers.
44
Forrest Bailey to John T. Scopes c/o Clarence Darrow, 29 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
Forrest Bailey to John T. Scopes c/o Clarence Darrow, 29 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
45
Clarence Darrow to Forrest Bailey, 10 February 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Forrest Bailey to Franklin Reynolds, 23 December 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274. For an example of local attorneys handling matters, see Franklin Reynolds to Forrest Bailey, 10 December 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
Clarence Darrow to Forrest Bailey, 10 February 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Forrest Bailey to Franklin Reynolds, 23 December 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274. For an example of local attorneys handling matters, see Franklin Reynolds to Forrest Bailey, 10 December 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
46
See, e.g., Forrest Bailey to Walter Nelles, 4 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Forrest Bailey to Frank H. O‘Brien, 3 December 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
See, e.g., Forrest Bailey to Walter Nelles, 4 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Forrest Bailey to Frank H. O‘Brien, 3 December 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
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