Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion (51 page)
Authors: Edward J. Larson
BOOK: Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion
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26
“Evolution Taught at Central High,”
Chattanooga
Times, 19 May 1925, P. 5.
“Evolution Taught at Central High,”
Chattanooga
Times, 19 May 1925, P. 5.
27
“Dayton to Raise Advertising Fund,”
Chattanooga
Times, 23 May 1925, p. 15; “Dayton Seeks Pup Tents and Loud Speakers for Scopes Trial Crowd,”
Nashville Tennessean,
23 May 1925, p. 1; “Set Stage for Evolution Case,”
Nashville Banner,
24 May 1925, p. 1; “Preparations Begin for Evolution Trial,”
Knoxville Journal,
6 June 1925, p. 1; “Nation Divided on Darwinism as Trial Looms,”
Nashville Tennessean,
29 May 1925, p. 1.
“Dayton to Raise Advertising Fund,”
Chattanooga
Times, 23 May 1925, p. 15; “Dayton Seeks Pup Tents and Loud Speakers for Scopes Trial Crowd,”
Nashville Tennessean,
23 May 1925, p. 1; “Set Stage for Evolution Case,”
Nashville Banner,
24 May 1925, p. 1; “Preparations Begin for Evolution Trial,”
Knoxville Journal,
6 June 1925, p. 1; “Nation Divided on Darwinism as Trial Looms,”
Nashville Tennessean,
29 May 1925, p. 1.
28
“Trial Can Be Held in June, Says Judge,”
Chattanooga Times,
21 May 1925, p. 2; “H. G. Wells May Fight Bryan in Scopes Case,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 15 May 1925, p. 35.
“Trial Can Be Held in June, Says Judge,”
Chattanooga Times,
21 May 1925, p. 2; “H. G. Wells May Fight Bryan in Scopes Case,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 15 May 1925, p. 35.
29
“You May Not Be for Him, but, Nevertheless, There He Is,”
Columbus Dispatch,
14 July 1925, p. 4; W. J. Bryan to Cartoonist,
Columbus Dispatch,
27 July 1925, p. 1.
“You May Not Be for Him, but, Nevertheless, There He Is,”
Columbus Dispatch,
14 July 1925, p. 4; W. J. Bryan to Cartoonist,
Columbus Dispatch,
27 July 1925, p. 1.
30
“Material Criticism Decries Supernatural,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 5 May 1925, p. 1.
“Material Criticism Decries Supernatural,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 5 May 1925, p. 1.
31
“Commoner Believes Evolution Tommyrot,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 11 May 1925, p. I.
“Commoner Believes Evolution Tommyrot,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 11 May 1925, p. I.
32
Ibid., p. 1; “Radical Enemies of Evolution Forced to Acknowledge Defeat,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 15 May 1925, p. 1; W. B. Riley, “The World’s Christian Fundamentals Association and the Scopes Trial,”
Christian Fundamentals in School and Church
7 (October-December 1925), 37; “Bryan May Be in Case,”
Nashville Banner,
12 May 1925, p. 1.
Ibid., p. 1; “Radical Enemies of Evolution Forced to Acknowledge Defeat,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 15 May 1925, p. 1; W. B. Riley, “The World’s Christian Fundamentals Association and the Scopes Trial,”
Christian Fundamentals in School and Church
7 (October-December 1925), 37; “Bryan May Be in Case,”
Nashville Banner,
12 May 1925, p. 1.
33
The Memphis Press to Rhea County, 14 May 1925, in Hicks Papers.
The Memphis Press to Rhea County, 14 May 1925, in Hicks Papers.
34
Sue K. Hicks to the Memphis Press, 14 May 1925, in Hicks Papers; Sue K. Hicks to William J. Bryan, 14 May 1925, reprinted in William Jennings Bryan and Mary Baird Bryan,
The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan
(Philadelphia: United, 1925), 483.
Sue K. Hicks to the Memphis Press, 14 May 1925, in Hicks Papers; Sue K. Hicks to William J. Bryan, 14 May 1925, reprinted in William Jennings Bryan and Mary Baird Bryan,
The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan
(Philadelphia: United, 1925), 483.
35
W. J. Bryan to Sue Hicks, 20 May 1925, in Hicks Papers.
W. J. Bryan to Sue Hicks, 20 May 1925, in Hicks Papers.
36
“Darrow Falls Back on Omar,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 18 April 1925, p. 6.
“Darrow Falls Back on Omar,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 18 April 1925, p. 6.
37
Clarence Darrow,
The Story of My Life
(New York: Grosset, 1932), 249.
Clarence Darrow,
The Story of My Life
(New York: Grosset, 1932), 249.
38
“Darrow Ready to Aid Prof. Scopes,”
Nashville Banner,
16 May 1925, p. 1. Bryan’s daughter Grace later blamed the participation of Malone in the Scopes defense on his desire to “get even’ because of the severe rebuke father gave him which resulted in his dismissal from the State Department” when Bryan served as Secretary of State. Grace Dexter Bryan to Sue K. Hicks, 12 April 1940, in Hicks Papers.
“Darrow Ready to Aid Prof. Scopes,”
Nashville Banner,
16 May 1925, p. 1. Bryan’s daughter Grace later blamed the participation of Malone in the Scopes defense on his desire to “get even’ because of the severe rebuke father gave him which resulted in his dismissal from the State Department” when Bryan served as Secretary of State. Grace Dexter Bryan to Sue K. Hicks, 12 April 1940, in Hicks Papers.
39
“Make It Bryan vs. Darrow,”
St.
Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 May 1925, p. 20.
“Make It Bryan vs. Darrow,”
St.
Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 May 1925, p. 20.
40
Forrest Bailey to Walter Lippmann, 12 June 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 311.
Forrest Bailey to Walter Lippmann, 12 June 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 311.
41
American Civil Liberties Union, Minutes of 6/8/25 Executive Committee Meeting, in ACLU Archives, vol. 279.
American Civil Liberties Union, Minutes of 6/8/25 Executive Committee Meeting, in ACLU Archives, vol. 279.
42
Scopes,
Center of the Storm,
70-72.
Scopes,
Center of the Storm,
70-72.
43
Bailey to Lippmann, 12 June 1926.
Bailey to Lippmann, 12 June 1926.
44
W. H. Pitkin to Felix Frankfurter, 10 November 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.
W. H. Pitkin to Felix Frankfurter, 10 November 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.
45
“Scopes Dined, Says Fight Is for Liberty,”
New York Times,
11 June 1925, p. 1; “Malone Will Not Be Goat,”
Nashville Banner,
11 June 1925, p. 1; “Jazz Faction Puts Malone Back in Case,”
Chattanooga Times,
11 June 1925, p. 1.
“Scopes Dined, Says Fight Is for Liberty,”
New York Times,
11 June 1925, p. 1; “Malone Will Not Be Goat,”
Nashville Banner,
11 June 1925, p. 1; “Jazz Faction Puts Malone Back in Case,”
Chattanooga Times,
11 June 1925, p. 1.
46
“Darrow Likens Bryan to Nero,”
Nashville Banner,
18 May 1925, p. 1.
“Darrow Likens Bryan to Nero,”
Nashville Banner,
18 May 1925, p. 1.
47
For example, Brewer Eddy to John R. Neal, 10 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
For example, Brewer Eddy to John R. Neal, 10 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.
48
Bryant Harbert, “Darrow an Atheist, Is Bryan’s Answer,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 23 May 1925, p. 1.
Bryant Harbert, “Darrow an Atheist, Is Bryan’s Answer,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 23 May 1925, p. 1.
49
“Bryan Hissed and Cheered in Evolution Speech,”
Nashville Tennessean,
19 May 1925, p. 1; William Jennings Bryan to James W. Freedman, 10 June 1925, in Bryan Papers. For the New York Times editorial position, see “The End Is in Sight at Dayton,”
New York Times,
18 July 1925, p. 12; “Ended at Last,”
New York Times,
22 July 1925, p. 18.
“Bryan Hissed and Cheered in Evolution Speech,”
Nashville Tennessean,
19 May 1925, p. 1; William Jennings Bryan to James W. Freedman, 10 June 1925, in Bryan Papers. For the New York Times editorial position, see “The End Is in Sight at Dayton,”
New York Times,
18 July 1925, p. 12; “Ended at Last,”
New York Times,
22 July 1925, p. 18.
50
“Dayton Jolly as Evolution Trial Looms,”
Chattanooga Times,
21 May 1925, p. 1; “Dayton to Raise Advertising Fund,”
Chattanooga Times,
23 May 1925, p.
15.
“Dayton Jolly as Evolution Trial Looms,”
Chattanooga Times,
21 May 1925, p. 1; “Dayton to Raise Advertising Fund,”
Chattanooga Times,
23 May 1925, p.
15.
51
“Clarence Darrow Retires,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 27 April 1925, p. 6.
“Clarence Darrow Retires,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 27 April 1925, p. 6.
52
“Scopes’ Legal Advisors Split on Outside Aid,”
Chattanooga Times,
29 May 1925, p. I; “Dayton Jolly,” I; “Darrow-Malone Defense Scopes Riles Dayton,”
Knoxville journal,
28 May 1925, p. I; “Evolution Trial Raises Two Sharp Issues,”
New York Times,
31 June 1925, sec. 9, p. 4; “The Scopes Defense,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 30 May 1925, p. 8; “Scopes Glad to Have Help of Notables,”
Chattanooga Times,
30 May 1925, p. 1.
“Scopes’ Legal Advisors Split on Outside Aid,”
Chattanooga Times,
29 May 1925, p. I; “Dayton Jolly,” I; “Darrow-Malone Defense Scopes Riles Dayton,”
Knoxville journal,
28 May 1925, p. I; “Evolution Trial Raises Two Sharp Issues,”
New York Times,
31 June 1925, sec. 9, p. 4; “The Scopes Defense,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 30 May 1925, p. 8; “Scopes Glad to Have Help of Notables,”
Chattanooga Times,
30 May 1925, p. 1.
53
“Evolution Case Won’t Test Truth of Theory, Says Neal,”
Nashville Tennessean,
16 May 1925, p. 1.
“Evolution Case Won’t Test Truth of Theory, Says Neal,”
Nashville Tennessean,
16 May 1925, p. 1.
54
“Dr. Neal Swamped by Mail Over Scopes Case,”
Knoxville Journal,
28 May 1925, p. 1.
“Dr. Neal Swamped by Mail Over Scopes Case,”
Knoxville Journal,
28 May 1925, p. 1.
55
“Two Extreme Views,”
Chattanooga Times,
I July 1925, p. 4.
“Two Extreme Views,”
Chattanooga Times,
I July 1925, p. 4.
56
“Not in Favor of Extra Term of Rhea Court,”
Chattanooga Times,
21 May 1925, p. 2.
“Not in Favor of Extra Term of Rhea Court,”
Chattanooga Times,
21 May 1925, p. 2.
57
“Says Evolution Law Wholesome Statute,”
Chattanooga Times,
24 May 1925, p. 9.
“Says Evolution Law Wholesome Statute,”
Chattanooga Times,
24 May 1925, p. 9.
58
Philip Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted for Teaching Evolution,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 26 May 1925, p. I.
Philip Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted for Teaching Evolution,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 26 May 1925, p. I.
59
“Prompt Action by Grand Jury,”
Nashville
Banner, 25 May 1925, p. 1; Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted,” p. 1; “Scopes Is Indicted in Tennessee for Teaching Evolution,” New York Times, 26 May 1925, p. 1; “Jury Foreman in Scopes Case Is Evolutionist,” Evening World (New York), 26 May 1925, p. 1.
“Prompt Action by Grand Jury,”
Nashville
Banner, 25 May 1925, p. 1; Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted,” p. 1; “Scopes Is Indicted in Tennessee for Teaching Evolution,” New York Times, 26 May 1925, p. 1; “Jury Foreman in Scopes Case Is Evolutionist,” Evening World (New York), 26 May 1925, p. 1.
60
“Judge’s Own Views,”
Nashville
Banner, 25 May 1925, p. 5; Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted,” 2.
“Judge’s Own Views,”
Nashville
Banner, 25 May 1925, p. 5; Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted,” 2.
61
“Trial July 10 Suits Bryan,”
Nashville Banner,
26 May 1925, p. 1.
“Trial July 10 Suits Bryan,”
Nashville Banner,
26 May 1925, p. 1.
62
Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted,” 1.
Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted,” 1.
1
“Butler Denounces New Barbarians,”
New York Times,
4 June 1925, p. 3.
“Butler Denounces New Barbarians,”
New York Times,
4 June 1925, p. 3.
2
“Antievolution Law Termed Outrageous,”
Nashville Banner,
28 June 1925, p. 1; “Tennessee Hit by Dr. Potter,”
Nashville Banner,
15 June 1925, p. I.
“Antievolution Law Termed Outrageous,”
Nashville Banner,
28 June 1925, p. 1; “Tennessee Hit by Dr. Potter,”
Nashville Banner,
15 June 1925, p. I.
3
“Shaw and Coleman on Scopes Trial,”
New Leader
(New York) 25 July 1925, p. 6 (reprint of Shaw’s pretrial speech); David M. Church, “Net of Dayton Trial Spreads,”
Nashville Banner,
June 1925, sec. 2, p. 7; Frederick Kuh, “Ape Case Loosens Up Tongue of Einstein,”
Pittsburgh Sun,
22 June 1925, p. 10.
“Shaw and Coleman on Scopes Trial,”
New Leader
(New York) 25 July 1925, p. 6 (reprint of Shaw’s pretrial speech); David M. Church, “Net of Dayton Trial Spreads,”
Nashville Banner,
June 1925, sec. 2, p. 7; Frederick Kuh, “Ape Case Loosens Up Tongue of Einstein,”
Pittsburgh Sun,
22 June 1925, p. 10.
4
“Scopes Dined Says Fight Is for Liberty,”
New York Times,
11 June 1925, p. I.
“Scopes Dined Says Fight Is for Liberty,”
New York Times,
11 June 1925, p. I.
5
Oliver H. P. Garett, “Colby Enters Scopes Case: Darrow Chief,”
Chattanooga Times,
10 June 1925, p. 1 (reprint
of New York World
article).
Oliver H. P. Garett, “Colby Enters Scopes Case: Darrow Chief,”
Chattanooga Times,
10 June 1925, p. 1 (reprint
of New York World
article).
6
“Scopes Here Grins, Does Not Know If He Is a Christian,”
New York World,
7 June 1925, p. 1; Edward Levinson, “Man and Monkey: An Interview with Scopes,”
New Leader
(New York), 11 July 1925.
“Scopes Here Grins, Does Not Know If He Is a Christian,”
New York World,
7 June 1925, p. 1; Edward Levinson, “Man and Monkey: An Interview with Scopes,”
New Leader
(New York), 11 July 1925.
7
“Scopes Rests Hope in U.S. Constitution and Supreme Court,”
Washington Post,
13 June 1925, p. I.
“Scopes Rests Hope in U.S. Constitution and Supreme Court,”
Washington Post,
13 June 1925, p. I.
8
Henry Fairfield Osborn,
Evolution and Religion in Education
(New York: Scribner‘s, 1925), 34, 90, 96, 117, 122 (reprint of Osborn’s 1925
The Earth Speaks to Bryan,
with added chapters); “Science and Showmanship,”
New York World,
14 July 1925, p. 10.
Henry Fairfield Osborn,
Evolution and Religion in Education
(New York: Scribner‘s, 1925), 34, 90, 96, 117, 122 (reprint of Osborn’s 1925
The Earth Speaks to Bryan,
with added chapters); “Science and Showmanship,”
New York World,
14 July 1925, p. 10.
9
“Dr. Osborn Advises Scopes on Defense,”
New York Times,
9 June 1925, P. 5.
“Dr. Osborn Advises Scopes on Defense,”
New York Times,
9 June 1925, P. 5.
10
“Scientists Pledge Support to Tennessee Professor Arrested for Teaching Evolution,”
Daily Science News Bulletin,
18 May 1925 (press release), in ACLU Archives, vol. 273.
“Scientists Pledge Support to Tennessee Professor Arrested for Teaching Evolution,”
Daily Science News Bulletin,
18 May 1925 (press release), in ACLU Archives, vol. 273.
11
George Hunter,
A Civic Biology
(New York: American, 1914), 261.
George Hunter,
A Civic Biology
(New York: American, 1914), 261.
12
C. B. Davenport, “Evidences for Evolution,”
Nashville Banner,
1 June 1925, p. 6.
C. B. Davenport, “Evidences for Evolution,”
Nashville Banner,
1 June 1925, p. 6.
13
Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Osborn States the Case for Human Evolution,”
New York Times,
12 July 1925, sec. 8, p. 1; Kenneth Kyle Bailey, “The Anti-Evolution Crusade of the Nineteen-Twenties,” Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1953, p. 127; Luther Burbank to John Haynes Holmes, 29 July 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Ray Ginger,
Six Days or Forever? Tennessee versus John Thomas Scopes
(Boston: Beacon,
1
95
8
),
p
. 79.
Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Osborn States the Case for Human Evolution,”
New York Times,
12 July 1925, sec. 8, p. 1; Kenneth Kyle Bailey, “The Anti-Evolution Crusade of the Nineteen-Twenties,” Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1953, p. 127; Luther Burbank to John Haynes Holmes, 29 July 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Ray Ginger,
Six Days or Forever? Tennessee versus John Thomas Scopes
(Boston: Beacon,
1
95
8
),
p
. 79.
14
“‘Monkey Law’ in Limelight,”
Nashville Banner,
22 May 1925, p. 1.
“‘Monkey Law’ in Limelight,”
Nashville Banner,
22 May 1925, p. 1.
15
“Declares Bryan Befogs the Issue,”
New York Times,
18 May 1925, p. 8.
“Declares Bryan Befogs the Issue,”
New York Times,
18 May 1925, p. 8.
16
“Says Scopes Trial Will Help Religion,”
New York Times,
15 June 1925, p. 18; “Bible and Evolution Conflict, Says Potter,”
Chattanooga Times,
2 July 1925, p. 2.
“Says Scopes Trial Will Help Religion,”
New York Times,
15 June 1925, p. 18; “Bible and Evolution Conflict, Says Potter,”
Chattanooga Times,
2 July 1925, p. 2.
17
H. L. Mencken, “The Monkey Trial: A Reporter’s Account,” in Jerry R. Tomkins, ed.,
D-Days at Dayton: Reflections of the Scopes Trial
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 40 (reprint Of 13 July 1925 article).
H. L. Mencken, “The Monkey Trial: A Reporter’s Account,” in Jerry R. Tomkins, ed.,
D-Days at Dayton: Reflections of the Scopes Trial
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 40 (reprint Of 13 July 1925 article).
18
Transcript, 75.
Transcript, 75.
19
“Dean Divinity School Thinks Bible Is Not in Conflict with Evolution,”
Chattanooga Times,
10 July 1925, p. 14; Transcript, 224—25.
“Dean Divinity School Thinks Bible Is Not in Conflict with Evolution,”
Chattanooga Times,
10 July 1925, p. 14; Transcript, 224—25.
20
“Sees Bryan as a Pharisee,” New York Times, 18 May 1925, p. 8; “Two Extreme Views,”
Chattanooga Times,
1 July 1925, p. 4; “Tennessee Held Up to Scorn by Aked,”
Nashville Banner,
12 June 1925, p. 2.
“Sees Bryan as a Pharisee,” New York Times, 18 May 1925, p. 8; “Two Extreme Views,”
Chattanooga Times,
1 July 1925, p. 4; “Tennessee Held Up to Scorn by Aked,”
Nashville Banner,
12 June 1925, p. 2.
21
“Evolution Is Discussed by Two Ministers in Knoxville,”
Knoxville Journal,
8 June 1925, p. 5.
“Evolution Is Discussed by Two Ministers in Knoxville,”
Knoxville Journal,
8 June 1925, p. 5.
22
“V. U. Seniors Hear Theologian Rank Darwin as Saint,”
Nashville Tennessean,
8 June 1925, p. 1.
“V. U. Seniors Hear Theologian Rank Darwin as Saint,”
Nashville Tennessean,
8 June 1925, p. 1.
23
Transcript, 223-24.
Transcript, 223-24.
24
Transcript, 229.
Transcript, 229.
25
William Jennings Bryan,
Seven Questions in Dispute
(New York: Revell, 1924), 128.
William Jennings Bryan,
Seven Questions in Dispute
(New York: Revell, 1924), 128.
26
“Real Religion and Real Science,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 26 July 1925, sec. 1, p. 4.
“Real Religion and Real Science,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 26 July 1925, sec. 1, p. 4.
27
“Tennessee Hit by Dr. Potter,” p. 1; Herbert Sanborn, “Four Species of Evolution,”
Nashville Banner,
5 July 1925, p. 2.
“Tennessee Hit by Dr. Potter,” p. 1; Herbert Sanborn, “Four Species of Evolution,”
Nashville Banner,
5 July 1925, p. 2.
28
“Deny Science Wars Against Religion,”
New York Times,
25 May 1923, p. I.
“Deny Science Wars Against Religion,”
New York Times,
25 May 1923, p. I.
29
“Evolution Given Hard Jolt,”
Knoxville journal,
14 March 1925, p. 1.
“Evolution Given Hard Jolt,”
Knoxville journal,
14 March 1925, p. 1.
30
“Resolution Aimed at Tennessee Law,”
Nashville Banner,
1 July 1925, p. 21; “Educators Taboo Evolution Question,”
Nashville Banner,
1 July 1925, p. 21.
“Resolution Aimed at Tennessee Law,”
Nashville Banner,
1 July 1925, p. 21; “Educators Taboo Evolution Question,”
Nashville Banner,
1 July 1925, p. 21.
31
“Pastor Compares Darrow, Devil,”
Knoxville Journal,
1 July 1925, p. 2.
“Pastor Compares Darrow, Devil,”
Knoxville Journal,
1 July 1925, p. 2.
32
1. Frank Norris to W. J. Bryan, n.d. [June 1925], in Bryan Papers.
1. Frank Norris to W. J. Bryan, n.d. [June 1925], in Bryan Papers.
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