Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion (48 page)
Authors: Edward J. Larson
BOOK: Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion
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55
Albert Edward Wiggam,
The Next Age of Man
(Indianapolis: Bobs-Merrill, 1927), 43.
Albert Edward Wiggam,
The Next Age of Man
(Indianapolis: Bobs-Merrill, 1927), 43.
56
William Jennings Bryan, “God and Evolution,”
New York Times,
26 February 1922, sec. 7, p. 1 and sec. 7, p. 11.
William Jennings Bryan, “God and Evolution,”
New York Times,
26 February 1922, sec. 7, p. 1 and sec. 7, p. 11.
57
Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Evolution and Religion,”
New York Times,
5 March 1922, sec. 7, p. 2. In the same year, Princeton University naturalist Edwin Conklin issued a similar public attack on antievolutionism in which he charged, “Uncertainty among scientists as to cause of evolution has been interpreted by many non-scientific persons as throwing doubt upon its truth.” Edwin G. Conklin,
Evolution and the Bible
(Chicago: American Institute of Sacred Literature, 1922), 3. Both Osborn and Conklin were liberal Christians, and Conklin’s defense of teaching evolution appeared in a series of modernist religious tracts.
Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Evolution and Religion,”
New York Times,
5 March 1922, sec. 7, p. 2. In the same year, Princeton University naturalist Edwin Conklin issued a similar public attack on antievolutionism in which he charged, “Uncertainty among scientists as to cause of evolution has been interpreted by many non-scientific persons as throwing doubt upon its truth.” Edwin G. Conklin,
Evolution and the Bible
(Chicago: American Institute of Sacred Literature, 1922), 3. Both Osborn and Conklin were liberal Christians, and Conklin’s defense of teaching evolution appeared in a series of modernist religious tracts.
58
Thomas Hunt Morgan,
What Is Darwinism?
(New York: Norton, 1927), viii-ix (reprint of earlier popular article) (emphasis in original).
Thomas Hunt Morgan,
What Is Darwinism?
(New York: Norton, 1927), viii-ix (reprint of earlier popular article) (emphasis in original).
59
Bryan, “Prince of Peace,” 269.
Bryan, “Prince of Peace,” 269.
60
George W. Hunter and Walter G. Whitaman,
Science in Our World of Progress
(New York: American, 1935), 486.
George W. Hunter and Walter G. Whitaman,
Science in Our World of Progress
(New York: American, 1935), 486.
61
Hunter,
Civic Biology,
263.
Hunter,
Civic Biology,
263.
62
William Jennings Bryan,
In His Image
(New York: Revell, 1922), 108; Transcript, 333—36.
William Jennings Bryan,
In His Image
(New York: Revell, 1922), 108; Transcript, 333—36.
63
Billy Sunday, “Historical Fabric of Christ’s Life Nothing Without Miracles,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 7 February 1925, p. 13.
Billy Sunday, “Historical Fabric of Christ’s Life Nothing Without Miracles,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 7 February 1925, p. 13.
64
Albert Edward Wiggam,
The New Decalogue of Science
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1922), 105. In his closing argument for the Scopes trial, as part of his attack on evolutionary theory, Bryan expressly denounced this book and the eugenic ideas that it promoted.
Albert Edward Wiggam,
The New Decalogue of Science
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1922), 105. In his closing argument for the Scopes trial, as part of his attack on evolutionary theory, Bryan expressly denounced this book and the eugenic ideas that it promoted.
65
Wiggam,
NextAge of Man,
45 (emphasis in original).
Wiggam,
NextAge of Man,
45 (emphasis in original).
66
Raymond A. Dart,
Adventures with the Missing Link
(New York: Harper, 1959), 5.
Raymond A. Dart,
Adventures with the Missing Link
(New York: Harper, 1959), 5.
67
Raymond A. Dart, “Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa,”
Nature
115 (1925), 198.
Raymond A. Dart, “Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa,”
Nature
115 (1925), 198.
68
Robert Broon, “Some Notes on the Taungs Skull,”
Nature
115 (1925), 571.
Robert Broon, “Some Notes on the Taungs Skull,”
Nature
115 (1925), 571.
69
Raymond A. Dart to Arthur Keith, 26 February 1925, in Frank Spencer, ed.,
The Piltdown Papers, 1908-1955
(London: Oxford University Press, 1990), 160 (emphasis in original).
Raymond A. Dart to Arthur Keith, 26 February 1925, in Frank Spencer, ed.,
The Piltdown Papers, 1908-1955
(London: Oxford University Press, 1990), 160 (emphasis in original).
70
Dart,
Adventures with the Missing Link,
7.
Dart,
Adventures with the Missing Link,
7.
71
Dart, “Australopithecus,” 198-99.
Dart, “Australopithecus,” 198-99.
72
Bryan, “Prince of Peace,” 269.
Bryan, “Prince of Peace,” 269.
73
Dart,
Adventures with the Missing Link,
38-40 (includes quotations from newspapers and magazines); William Jennings Bryan, “Mr. Bryan Speaks to Darwin,”
Forum
76 (1925), 102-3. At about the same time, antievolution science lecturer Harry Rimmer asserted that the Piltdown hominid “is made up of plaster of Paris and imagination,” while William Bell Riley referred to it as “imaginatively created.” Harry Rimmer, “Monkeyshines: Fakes, Fables, Facts Concerning Evolution,” in Edward B. Davis, ed.,
The Antievolution Pamphlets of Harry Rimmer
(New York: Garland, 1995), 427; W. B. Riley, “Evolution—A False Philosophy,” in William Vance Trollinger, Jr., ed.,
The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley
(New York: Garland, 1995), 101.
Dart,
Adventures with the Missing Link,
38-40 (includes quotations from newspapers and magazines); William Jennings Bryan, “Mr. Bryan Speaks to Darwin,”
Forum
76 (1925), 102-3. At about the same time, antievolution science lecturer Harry Rimmer asserted that the Piltdown hominid “is made up of plaster of Paris and imagination,” while William Bell Riley referred to it as “imaginatively created.” Harry Rimmer, “Monkeyshines: Fakes, Fables, Facts Concerning Evolution,” in Edward B. Davis, ed.,
The Antievolution Pamphlets of Harry Rimmer
(New York: Garland, 1995), 427; W. B. Riley, “Evolution—A False Philosophy,” in William Vance Trollinger, Jr., ed.,
The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley
(New York: Garland, 1995), 101.
1
William Jennings Bryan, “God and Evolution,”
New York Times,
26 February 1922, sec. 7, p. 1.
William Jennings Bryan, “God and Evolution,”
New York Times,
26 February 1922, sec. 7, p. 1.
2
Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Evolution and Religion,”
New York Times,
5 March 1922, sec. 7, p. 14.
Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Evolution and Religion,”
New York Times,
5 March 1922, sec. 7, p. 14.
3
John Roach Straton, “In the Negative,” in John Roach Straton and Charles Francis Potter,
Evolution Versus Creation
(1924), reprinted in Ronald L. Numbers, ed.,
Creation—Evolution Debates
(New York: Garland, 1995), 88-89. The fundamentalist leader William Bell Riley later took a similar position; see W. B. Riley,
Evolution
—
A False Philosophy,
reprinted in William Vance Trollinger, Jr., ed.,
The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley
(New York: Garland, 1995), III-12.
John Roach Straton, “In the Negative,” in John Roach Straton and Charles Francis Potter,
Evolution Versus Creation
(1924), reprinted in Ronald L. Numbers, ed.,
Creation—Evolution Debates
(New York: Garland, 1995), 88-89. The fundamentalist leader William Bell Riley later took a similar position; see W. B. Riley,
Evolution
—
A False Philosophy,
reprinted in William Vance Trollinger, Jr., ed.,
The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley
(New York: Garland, 1995), III-12.
4
George McCready Price,
The Phantom of Organic Evolution
(New York: Revell, 1924), 110-II. For a representative example of Osborn’s dating of these fossils, see Henry Fairfield Osborn,
Evolution in Religion and Education
(New York: Scribner’s, 1926), 146.
George McCready Price,
The Phantom of Organic Evolution
(New York: Revell, 1924), 110-II. For a representative example of Osborn’s dating of these fossils, see Henry Fairfield Osborn,
Evolution in Religion and Education
(New York: Scribner’s, 1926), 146.
5
William Jennings Bryan, “Speech to the West Virginia State Legislature,” in William Jennings Bryan,
Orthodox Christianity Versus Modernism
(New York: Revell, 1923), 37.
William Jennings Bryan, “Speech to the West Virginia State Legislature,” in William Jennings Bryan,
Orthodox Christianity Versus Modernism
(New York: Revell, 1923), 37.
6
William Jennings Bryan, “The Prince of Peace,” in William Jennings Bryan, ed.,
Speeches of William Jennings Bryan
(New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1909), 267.
William Jennings Bryan, “The Prince of Peace,” in William Jennings Bryan, ed.,
Speeches of William Jennings Bryan
(New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1909), 267.
7
A. C. Dixon and R. A. Torrey, quoted in Ronald L. Numbers,
The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism
(New York: Knopf, 1992), 39.
A. C. Dixon and R. A. Torrey, quoted in Ronald L. Numbers,
The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism
(New York: Knopf, 1992), 39.
8
Shailer Mathews, “Modernism as Evangelical Christianity,” in Mark A. Noll et al., eds.,
Eerdmans’ Handbook to Christianity in America
(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans’, 1983), 379.
Shailer Mathews, “Modernism as Evangelical Christianity,” in Mark A. Noll et al., eds.,
Eerdmans’ Handbook to Christianity in America
(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans’, 1983), 379.
9
“Editorial,”
Our Hope
25 (July 1918), 49.
“Editorial,”
Our Hope
25 (July 1918), 49.
10
George M. Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 149.
George M. Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 149.
11
Ibid., 157—58.
Ibid., 157—58.
12
William Bell Riley,
Message to the Metropolis
(Chicago: Winona, 1906), 24-48, 165-95, 224-27 (quote on 48).
William Bell Riley,
Message to the Metropolis
(Chicago: Winona, 1906), 24-48, 165-95, 224-27 (quote on 48).
13
Transcribed proceedings of the WCFA conference were published
as God Hath Spoken
(Philadelphia: Bible Conference Committee, 1919), 27, 221, 441.
Transcribed proceedings of the WCFA conference were published
as God Hath Spoken
(Philadelphia: Bible Conference Committee, 1919), 27, 221, 441.
14
[Curtis Lee Laws], “Convention Side Lights,”
Watchman-Examiner
8 (1920), 834.
[Curtis Lee Laws], “Convention Side Lights,”
Watchman-Examiner
8 (1920), 834.
15
William Bell Riley, quoted in Ferenc Morton Szasz,
The Divided Mind of Protestant America, 1880—1930
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1982), 107.
William Bell Riley, quoted in Ferenc Morton Szasz,
The Divided Mind of Protestant America, 1880—1930
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1982), 107.
16
William Jennings Bryan, “Applied Christianity,”
The Commoner,
May 1919, p. 12.
William Jennings Bryan, “Applied Christianity,”
The Commoner,
May 1919, p. 12.
17
William Jennings Bryan,
America and the European War
(New York: Emergency Peace Federation, 1917), 14; William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Jonathan Daniels,
The Wilson Era: Years of Peace, 1910—17
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944), 428.
William Jennings Bryan,
America and the European War
(New York: Emergency Peace Federation, 1917), 14; William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Jonathan Daniels,
The Wilson Era: Years of Peace, 1910—17
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944), 428.
18
William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Lawrence W. Levine,
Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryan, The Last Decade, 1915—1925
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 274.
William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Lawrence W. Levine,
Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryan, The Last Decade, 1915—1925
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 274.
19
Levine,
Defender of the Faith,
vii.
Levine,
Defender of the Faith,
vii.
20
Bryan, “Prince of Peace,” 266—68.
Bryan, “Prince of Peace,” 266—68.
21
Ibid., 268—69.
Ibid., 268—69.
22
Vernon Kellogg,
Headquarters Nights
(Boston: Atlantic, 1917), 22, 28.
Vernon Kellogg,
Headquarters Nights
(Boston: Atlantic, 1917), 22, 28.
23
William Jennings Bryan,
Shall Christianity Remain Christian? Seven Questions in Dispute
(New York: Revell, 1924), 146.
William Jennings Bryan,
Shall Christianity Remain Christian? Seven Questions in Dispute
(New York: Revell, 1924), 146.
24
James H. Leuba,
The Belief in God and Immortality
(Boston: Sherman, French, 1916), 203, 213, 254.
James H. Leuba,
The Belief in God and Immortality
(Boston: Sherman, French, 1916), 203, 213, 254.
25
William Jennings Bryan,
In His Image
(New York: Revell, 1922), 118.
William Jennings Bryan,
In His Image
(New York: Revell, 1922), 118.
26
Ibid., 120.
Ibid., 120.
27
William Jennings Bryan and Mary Baird Bryan,
The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan
(Philadelphia: United, 1925), 459.
William Jennings Bryan and Mary Baird Bryan,
The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan
(Philadelphia: United, 1925), 459.
28
David Starr Jordan, quoted as representative in Harold Bulce, “Avatars of the Almighty,”
Cosmopolitan Magazine
47 (1909), 201. See also Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture,
130—31, 267—69.
David Starr Jordan, quoted as representative in Harold Bulce, “Avatars of the Almighty,”
Cosmopolitan Magazine
47 (1909), 201. See also Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture,
130—31, 267—69.
29
Bryan, In His Image, 125. The “Menace of Darwinism” speech appeared as chapter 4 of this book, from which these quotes were taken.
Bryan, In His Image, 125. The “Menace of Darwinism” speech appeared as chapter 4 of this book, from which these quotes were taken.
30
William Jennings Bryan,
The Bible and Its Enemies
(Chicago: Bible Institute, I92I), 39.
William Jennings Bryan,
The Bible and Its Enemies
(Chicago: Bible Institute, I92I), 39.
31
Bryan,
In His Image,
94.
Bryan,
In His Image,
94.
32
Ibid., 98, 100.
Ibid., 98, 100.
33
Numbers,
The Creationists,
43.
Numbers,
The Creationists,
43.
34
Bryan,
In His Image,
93.
Bryan,
In His Image,
93.
35
Ibid., 122.
Ibid., 122.
36
William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Levine,
Defender of the Faith,
277 (emphasis added).
William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Levine,
Defender of the Faith,
277 (emphasis added).
37
William Bell Riley to William Jennings Bryan, 7 February 1923, in Bryan Papers.
William Bell Riley to William Jennings Bryan, 7 February 1923, in Bryan Papers.
38
“The Evolution Controversy,”
Christian Fundamentals in Schools and Churches
4 (April-June
1
9
22
), 5.
“The Evolution Controversy,”
Christian Fundamentals in Schools and Churches
4 (April-June
1
9
22
), 5.
39
William Bell Riley, “Shall We Tolerate Longer the Teaching of Evolution?”
Christian Fundamentals in Schools and Churches
5
(January-March 1923), 82.
William Bell Riley, “Shall We Tolerate Longer the Teaching of Evolution?”
Christian Fundamentals in Schools and Churches
5
(January-March 1923), 82.
40
W. B. Riley, “The Theory of Evolution Tested by Mathematics,” in Trollinger, ed.,
Anti-evolution Pamphlets,
14
8.
W. B. Riley, “The Theory of Evolution Tested by Mathematics,” in Trollinger, ed.,
Anti-evolution Pamphlets,
14
8.
41
William Vance Trollinger, Jr., “Introduction,” in Trollinger, ed.,
Antievolution Pamphlets,
xvii-xix.
William Vance Trollinger, Jr., “Introduction,” in Trollinger, ed.,
Antievolution Pamphlets,
xvii-xix.
42
Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” in William Jennings Bryan,
Orthodox Christianity Versus Modernism
(New York: Revell, 1923), 46.
Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” in William Jennings Bryan,
Orthodox Christianity Versus Modernism
(New York: Revell, 1923), 46.
43
Bryan,
In His Image,
243. See also William Jennings Bryan, “Applied Christianity,”
The Commoner,
May 1919, 11.
Bryan,
In His Image,
243. See also William Jennings Bryan, “Applied Christianity,”
The Commoner,
May 1919, 11.
44
William Bell Riley to Charles S. Thomas, 1 July 1925, in Bryan Papers.
William Bell Riley to Charles S. Thomas, 1 July 1925, in Bryan Papers.
45
William Jennings Bryan,
Is the Bible True?
(Nashville: private printing, 1923), 15.
William Jennings Bryan,
Is the Bible True?
(Nashville: private printing, 1923), 15.
46
For estimates of popular support by current scholars, see Levine,
Defender of the Faith,
270—71; Numbers,
The Creationists,
44—45.
For estimates of popular support by current scholars, see Levine,
Defender of the Faith,
270—71; Numbers,
The Creationists,
44—45.
47
William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Levine,
Defender of the Faith,
218.
William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Levine,
Defender of the Faith,
218.
48
Bryan,
In His Image,
122.
Bryan,
In His Image,
122.
49
Bryan,
Seven Questions in Dispute,
154.
Bryan,
Seven Questions in Dispute,
154.
50
Bryan, “God and Evolution,” sec. 7, p. 11.
Bryan, “God and Evolution,” sec. 7, p. 11.
51
Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” 48.
Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” 48.
52
William Jennings Bryan, “Prohibition,”
The Outlook
133 (1923), 263.
William Jennings Bryan, “Prohibition,”
The Outlook
133 (1923), 263.
53
Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” 45—46.
Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” 45—46.
54
Edger Lee Masters, “The Christian Statesman,”
The American Mercury
3
(1924), 391.
Edger Lee Masters, “The Christian Statesman,”
The American Mercury
3
(1924), 391.
55
William Jennings Bryan, quoted in “Progress of Anti-Evolution,”
Christian Fundamentalist
2 (1929), 13.
William Jennings Bryan, quoted in “Progress of Anti-Evolution,”
Christian Fundamentalist
2 (1929), 13.
56
Bryan and Bryan,
Memoirs,
179—80.
Bryan and Bryan,
Memoirs,
179—80.
57
“A Remarkable Man,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 29 April 1925, p. 6.
“A Remarkable Man,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 29 April 1925, p. 6.
58
“Are People People?”
Chicago Tribune,
20 June 1923, p. 8.
“Are People People?”
Chicago Tribune,
20 June 1923, p. 8.
59
Amendment to 1923 Okla. House Bill 197.
Amendment to 1923 Okla. House Bill 197.
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