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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
. Manolis and Doumas, “Sexual Dysfunction.”

24
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25
. W. T. Van Berlo et al., “Sexual Functioning of People with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Multicenter Study,”
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26
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27
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28
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29
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30
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31
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32
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33
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34
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35
. Smeltzer and Sharts-Hopko,
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36
. Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, “Contraception, Disability and Illness, Female Contraceptive and Reproductive Issues: Multiple Sclerosis,” games.sexualityandu.ca/professionals/illness-1-2.aspx.

37
. A. Koivusalo et al., “Sexual Functions in Adulthood After Restorative Proctocolectomy for Pediatric Onset Ulcerative Colitis,”
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38
. K. Perez et al., “Sexual Ramifications of Medical Illness.”

39
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40
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41
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42
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43
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44
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.

45
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46
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47
. Tristano, “The Impact of Rheumatic Diseases on Sexual Function.”

48
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49
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Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
29, no. 2 (2009): 157–164; A. Saval and A. E. Chiodo, “Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Intrathecal Baclofen Use: A Report of Two Cases,”
Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine
31 (2008): 103–05; C. L. Harden, “Sexuality in Men and Women with Epilepsy,”
CNS Spectrums
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50
. Smeltzer and Sharts-Hopko,
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51
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53
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1
. Elizabeth Miller et al., “Pregnancy Coercion, Intimate Partner Violence and Unintended Pregnancy,”
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81, issue 4 (April 2010): 316–22.

2
. M. F. Gallo et al., “Nonlatex Versus Latex Male Condoms for Contraception,”
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1 (2006).

3
. A. M. Minnis and N. S. Padian, “Effectiveness of Female Controlled Barrier Methods in Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV: Current Evidence and Future Research Directions,”
Sexually Transmitted Infections
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4
. Physician labeling for the FemCap, contracept.org/docs/femcap-fda.pdf.

5
. WHO/CONRAD,
Technical Consultation on Nonoxynol-9
, 2001, who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/RHR_03_8/en/index.html.

6
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7
. A. Edelman et al., “Continuous Versus Cyclic Use of Combined Oral Contraceptives for Contraception: Systematic Cochrane Review of Randomized Controlled Trials,”
Human Reproduction
21, no. 3 (2006): 573–78.

8
. Some researchers believe there may be unknown risks involved with extended use of contraceptive hormones to eliminate bleeding. See, for example, “Menstrual Suppression,” position statement of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research, menstruationresearch.org/position-statements/menstrual-supression-2007.

9
. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, “Guidance for Industry: Labeling for Combined Oral Contraceptives,” March 2004, fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceCompliance RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm075075.pdf.

10
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11
. A. B. Berenson and M. Rahman, “Changes in Weight, Total Fat, Percent Body Fat, and Central-to-Peripheral Fat Ratio Associated with Injectable and Oral Contraceptive
Use,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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12
. L. M. Lopez et al., “Skin Patch and Vaginal Ring Versus Combined Oral Contraceptives for Contraception,”
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3 (2010).

13
. Z. Harel et al., “Recovery of Bone Mineral Density in Adolescents Following the Use of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Contraceptive Injections,”
Contraception
81, no. 4 (2010): 281–91.

14
. Berenson and Rahman, “Changes in Weight, Total Fat, Percent Body Fat, and Central-to-Peripheral Fat Ratio.”

15
. S. Wu et al., “Copper T380A Intrauterine Device for Emergency Contraception: A Prospective, Multicentre, Cohort Clinical Trial,”
British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
117, no. 10 (2010): 1205–10.

16
. H. B. Peterson et al., “The Risk of Menstrual Abnormalities After Tubal Sterilization,”
New England Journal of Medicine
343, no. 23 (2000): 1681–87.

17
. B. Xu and W. Huang, “No-Scalpel Vasectomy Outside China,”
Asian Journal of Andrology
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18
. P. J. Schwingl and H. A. Guess, “Safety and Effectiveness of Vasectomy,”
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73, no. 5 (2000): 923–36.

19
. W. D. Mosher and J. Jones, “Use of Contraception in the United States: 1982–2008,”
Vital and Health Statistics
23, no. 29 (2010).

20
. M. J. Sneyd et al., “High Prevalence of Vasectomy in New Zealand,”
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64, no. 3 (2001): 155–59.

21
. I. Schroeder-Printzen et al., “Vaso-Vasostomy,”
Urologia Internationalis
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22
. Y. Gu et al., “Multicenter Contraceptive Efficacy Trial of Injectable Testosterone Undecanoate in Chinese Men,”
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
94 (2009): 1910–05.

23
. K. Thompson and E. Lissner, “RISUG,” malecontra ceptives.org/methods/risug.php.

24
. S. T. Truitt et al., “Combined Hormonal Versus Nonhormonal Versus Progestin-only Contraception in Lactation,”
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2 (2003).

25
. H. von Hertzen et al., “Low Dose Mifepristone and Two Regimens of Levonorgestrel for Emergency Contraception: A WHO Multicentre Randomised Trial,”
Lancet
360 (2002): 1807.

26
. Rachel K. Jones et al., “Better Than Nothing or Savvy Risk-Reduction Practice? The Importance of Withdrawal,”
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1
. H. Weinstock et al., “Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among American Youth: Incidence and Prevalence Estimates, 2000,”
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
36, no. 1 (2004): 6–10.

2
. Sara E. Forhan et al., “Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Female Adolescents Aged 14 to 19 in the United States,”
Pediatrics
124, no. 6 (December 2009): 1505–12.

3
. Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, “National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior,”
Journal of Sexual Medicine
, October 2010.

4
. Minnis and Padian, “Effectiveness of Female Controlled Barrier Methods in Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV.”

5
. H. Brückner and P. Bearman, “After the Promise: The STD Consequences of Adolescent Virginity Pledges,”
Journal of Adolescent Health
36 (2005): 271–78, jahon line.org/article/PIIS1054139X05000558/fulltext.

6
. S. Blake et al., “Condom Availability Programs in Massachusetts High Schools: Relationships with Condom Use and Sexual Behavior,”
American Journal of Public Health
93, no. 6 (2003), ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/full/93/6/955.

7
. P. K. Kohler, L. E. Manhart, and W. E. Lafferty, “Abstinence-Only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy,”
Journal of Adolescent Health
42, no. 4 (2008): 344–51.

8
. B. McKeon, “Effective Sex Education,” Advocates for Youth, 2006, advocatesforyouth.org/storage/advfy/documents/fssexcur.pdf.