Our Bodies, Ourselves (181 page)

11
. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health, “Medical Necessity Statement,” 2008, wpath.org/medical_necessity_statement.cfm.

12
. Norman Spack, “Transgenderism,”
Medical Ethics
12, issue 3 (Fall 2005).

13
. M. Potter, “Tips for Providing Paps to Trans Men,” Sherbourne Health Center, checkitoutguys.ca/sites/default/files/Tips_Paps_TransMen_0.pdf.

14
. Mautner Project, National Lesbian Health Organization, “Transgender Health,” at mautnerproject.org/health_info/transgender_health.cfm.

15
. Makadon et al.,
Fenway Guide
, p. 381.

16
. Ibid., p. 347.

17
. Norman Spack, “Key to Successful Treatment of Transgender Patients May Involve Delay of Puberty,” April 24, 2010, media.aace.com/article_display.cfm? article_id=4975.

18
. Saber's Story, Minnesota Transgender Health Coalition, mntranshealth.org. Type “Saber's Story” into “Search.” Used with permission.

19
. Makadon et al.,
Fenway Guide
, pp. 169, 170, 140.

20
. Ibid., p. 148.

21
. Ibid., p. 147.

22
. Ibid., p. 168.

23
. Ibid., p. 238.

24
. Ibid., p. 227.

25
. Ibid. For a survey-based study suggesting that older lesbians may have an increased risk for breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer but a decreased risk for cervical cancer, see E. Zaritsky and S. L. Dibble, “Risk Factors for Reproductive and Breast Cancers Among Older Lesbians,”
Journal of Womens Health
19, no. 1 (2010): 125–31.

26
. Petra Doan, “The Tyranny of Gendered Spaces: Reflections from Beyond the Gender Dichotomy,”
Gender, Place, and Culture
, Special Issue on Transgendered Geography, 2010.

27
. H.R. 3017, Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2009, 111th Cong., at govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd? bill=h111-3017.

28
. Pat Parker,
Movement in Black
, expanded ed. (Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1999). Thanks to Rev. Irene Monroe for this reference.

29
. C. Whitney, “Intersections in Identity-Identity Development Among Queer Women with Disabilities,”
Sexuality and Disability
24, no. 1 (2006): 39–52.

30
.
Black Lesbians Matter
, Zuna Institute, 2010, zunainsti tute.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view &id=113&Itemid=148.

31
. For an essay that offers an analysis of racism and classism among white lesbian feminist activists and white transgender activists, see Emi Koyama, “Whose Feminism Is It Anyway? The Unspoken Racism of the Trans Inclusion Debate,” in
The Transgender Studies Reader
, ed. Susan Stryker and Stephen Whittle (New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 698–705.

1
. Single in America Study, funded by Match.com and conducted by MarketTools in association with biological anthropologist Dr. Helen Fisher, social historian Stephanie Coontz, evolutionary biologist Justin Garcia, and the Institute for Evolutionary Studies at Binghamton University. The study is based on the attitudes and behaviors of a representative sample of 5,200 U.S. single people ages 21 to 65-plus. Results are available at blog.match.com/singles-study.

2
. U.S. Census Bureau, “American Community Survey,” 2005–2009, census.gov/acs/ww.

3
. U.S. Census Bureau, “America's Families and Living Arrangements,” 2000–2007.

4
. “American Community Survey.”

5
. Ibid.

6. “Support for Same-Sex Marriage Edges Upward: Majority Continues to Favor Gays Serving Openly in the Military,” October 6, 2010, The Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, pewresearch.org/pubs/1755/poll-gay-marriage-gains-acceptance-gays-in-the-military.

7
. Freedom to Marry, “States,” freedomtomarry.org/states/.

8
. Jeffrey S. Passel, Wendy Wang, and Paul Taylor,
Marrying Out: One-in-Seven New U.S. Marriages Is Interracial or Interethnic
, Pew Research Center, June 4, 2010, pew socialtrends.org/files/2010/10/755-marrying-out.pdf.

1
. From
Sister Outsider
(Freedom, CA: Crossing Press, 1984), pp. 53–59.

2
. Cara Kulwicki, personal correspondence.

3
. Carol Roye, “What Exactly Is a Hymen?” Our Bodies Ourselves website, ourbodiesourselves.org/book/com panion.asp?id=13&compID=130.

4
. J. Friedman and J. Valenti, eds.,
Yes Means Yes! Visions of Female Power and a World Without Rape
(Berkeley: Seal Press, 2008), pp. 77–91.

5
. Ibid., pp. 74–75.

6
. Thank you to psychologist Judy Leavitt for this concept.

7
. Asra Q. Nomani, originally published in
Living Islam Out Loud: American Muslim Women Speak
, ed. Saleemah Abdul-Ghafur (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005), pp. 155–156.

8
. A. F. Bogaert, “Asexuality: Prevalence and Associated Factors in a National Probability Sample,”
Journal of Sex Research
41, no. 3 (2004): 279–87.

9
. Susan Scherrer, “Coming to an Asexual Identity: Negotiating Identity, Negotiating Desire”
Sexualities
11, no. 5 (2008): 621–41, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2893352/.

1
. Recent research by Beverly Whipple, Barry Komisaruk, and their team has demonstrated that there are at least four nerve pathways that respond to stimulation of the genital regions: the pudendal, the pelvic, the hypogastric, and the vagus nerves. Stimulation of different nerves in the clitoris, vagina, and cervix produces different responses. Whipple and Komisaruk have documented the areas of the brain that are activated with different forms of stimulation and from imagery or thinking alone by conducting fMRIs of the brain during orgasm. A review of their research can be found in
The Science of Orgasm
and in
The Orgasm Answer Guide.

2
. Persistent genital arousal disorder causes a woman to sustain unwanted, persistent, and intense genital arousal, unaccompanied by sexual desire, which is only temporarily relieved by orgasm. The condition can be extremely distressing and may be caused by medications such as the antidepressant trazodone, or a combination of physical, psychological, or emotional factors. See, for example, L. A. Brotto et al., “Women's Sexual Desire and Arousal Disorders,”
Journal of Sexual Medicine
(January 2010): 586–614.

3
. Shere Hite,
The Hite Report: A National Study of Female Sexuality
(New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004).

4
. Gina Ogden,
The Heart and Soul of Sex: Making the ISIS Connection
(Boston: Trumpeter, 2006), and
The Return of Desire: A Guide to Rediscovering Your Sexual Passion
(Boston: Trumpeter, 2008).

5
. Helen Singer Kaplan,
Disorders of Sexual Desire
(New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1979); B. Zilbergeld and C. R. Ellison, “Desire Discrepancies and Arousal Problems in Sex Therapy,” in S. R. Leiblum and L. A. Pervin, eds.,
Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy
(New York: Guilford, 1980), pp. 65–104.

6
. B. Whipple and K. Brash-McGreer, “Management of Female Sexual Dysfunction,” in M. L. Sipski and C. J. Alexander, eds.,
Sexual Function in People with
Disability and Chronic Illness: A Health Professional's Guide
(Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, 1997), pp. 509–34.

7
. R. Basson, “Female Sexual Response: The Role of Drugs in the Management of Sexual Dysfunction,”
Obstetrics & Gynecology
98 (2001): 350–53.

8
. B. Whipple, G. Ogden, and B. R. Komisaruk, “Physiological Correlates of Imagery-Induced Orgasm in Women,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
21, no. 2 (1992): 121–33.

9
. The G-spot was named by the sex researchers Dr. John Perry and Dr. Beverly Whipple. See A. Ladas, B. Whipple, and J. Perry,
The G Spot: And Other Discoveries About Human Sexuality
(New York: Holt, 2005).

10
. E. A. Jannini et al., “Who's Afraid of the G-spot?”
Journal of Sexual Medicine
(January 2010): 25–34; and D. Rabinerson and E. Horowitz, “G-spot and Female Ejaculation: Fiction or Reality?”
Harefuah
146, no. 2 (2007): 145–47 (in Hebrew).

11
. J. B. Korda, S. W. Goldstein, and F. Sommer, “The History of Female Ejaculation,”
Journal of Sexual Medicine
7, no. 5 (2010): 1965–75.

12
. F. Cabello, “Female Ejaculation: Myth and Reality,” in J. J. Baras-Vass and M. Perez-Conchillo, eds.,
Sexuality and Human Rights: Proceedings of the XIIIth World Congress of Sexology
, pp. 325–33 (Valencia, Spain: Nan Libres, 1997).

13
. Friedman and Valenti,
Yes Means Yes!
pp. 43–51.

14
. Ibid., pp. 20–21.

15
. Ibid., pp. 309–310.

16
. Joanna L. Grossman, “Courts Divide Over the Constitutionality of Sex Toy Bans,” FindLaw.com, November 10, 2009, writ.news.findlaw.com/grossman/20091110.html.

17
. Stacey May Fowles, “The Fantasy of Acceptable Non-Consent,” in
Yes Means Yes!
p. 120.

1
. D. M. Ferguson, B. Hosmane, and J. R. Heiman, “Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Parallel Design Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Zestra in Women with Mixed Desire/Interest/Arousal/Orgasm Disorders,”
Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy
36, no. 1 (2010): 66–86. Abstract: “Over 256 women, age 21 to 65, with acquired mixed female sexual disorders participated in a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of Zestra, a topical botanical preparation. Routine outcome instruments measured efficacy and safety. Zestra was well tolerated. The only significant safety finding was mild-to-moderate genital burning seen only in Zestra-treated subjects (14.6%). Zestra provided significant desire, arousal, and treatment satisfaction benefits for a broadly generalized group of women with sexual difficulties” (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20063238).

2
. Food and Drug Administration, “Briefing Information for the June 18, 2010, Meeting of the Advisory Committee for Reproductive Health Drugs,” fda.gov/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/ReproductiveHealthDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/ucm215436.htm.

3
. D. Wilson, “Drug for Sexual Desire Opposed by Panel,”
New York Times
, June 18, 2010, nytimes.com/2010/06/19/business/19sexpill.html.

4
. Alessandra Graziottin, “Dyspareunia and Vaginismus: Review of the Literature and Treatment,”
Current Sexual Health Reports
5, no. 1, (2008): 43–50, springer link.com/content/k6w1681521n14305/.

5
. D. Herbenick, “Vaginismus: 6 Facts You Should Know,” 2009, mysexprofessor.com/womens-sexuality/vaginismus-6-facts-you-should-know/.

6
. B. Whipple and B. R. Komisaruk, “Elevation of Pain Thresholds by Vaginal Stimulation in Women,”
Pain
21 (1985): 357–67; B. Whipple and B. R. Komisaruk, “Analgesia Produced in Women by Genital Self-Stimulation,”
Journal of Sex Research
24 (1988): 130–40; Barry R. Komisaruk and Beverly Whipple, “The Suppression of Pain by Genital Stimulation in Females,”
Annual Review of Sex Research
6 (1995): 151–86.

7
. B. Whipple, C. A. Gerdes, and B. R. Komisaruk, “Sexual Response to Self-Stimulation in Women with Complete Spinal Cord Injury,”
Journal of Sex Research 33
no. 3 (1996): 231–40; B. R. Komisaruk and B. Whipple, “Functional MRI of the Brain During Orgasm in Women,”
Annual Review of Sex Research
16 (2005): 62–86; Marca L. Sipski, Craig J. Alexander, and Ray C. Rosen, “Orgasm in Women with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Laboratory-Based Assessment,”
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
76 (1995): 1097–1102.

8
. K. Best, “Epilepsy Drugs May Reduce Method Effectiveness,”
Network
2, no. 19 (Winter 1999): 12.

9
. Victoria Department of Human Services, Australia, “Traumatic Brain Injury and Sexual Issues,”
Better Health Channel.

10
. Sexual Health Network, “Possible Effects of a Traumatic Brain Injury on a Person's Sexuality,” sexual health.com/article.php?Action=read&article_id=336 &channel=3&topic=12.

11
. Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, “Contraception, Disability and Illness, Female Contraceptive and Reproductive Issues: Epilepsy,” 2006, games.sexualityandu.ca/professionals/illness-1-4.aspx.

12
. J. Guan et al., “Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure,”
Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue
9, no. 6 (September 2003): 454–56, 461.

13
. P. Enzlin et al., “Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Type 1 Diabetes: Long-Term Findings from the DCCT/EDIC Study Cohort,”
Diabetes Care
32, no. 5 (2009): 780–85.

14
. A. Giraldi and E. Kristensen, “Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Diabetes Mellitus,”
Journal of Sex Research
47, issue 213 (2010): 199–211; L. P. Wallner, A. V. Sarma, and C. Kim, “Sexual Functioning Among Women with and Without Diabetes in the Boston Area Community Health Study,”
Journal of Sexual Medicine 7
(2010): 881–87.

15
. M.T. Filocamo et al., “Sexual Dysfunction in Women During Dialysis and After Renal Transplantation,”
Journal of Sexual Medicine
6, no. 11 (2009): 3125–31.