Our Bodies, Ourselves (186 page)

23
. R. Wulffson, “Risk of Stopping Hormone Therapy: Hip Fractures,” Examiner.com, October 28, 2010, examiner. com/women-s-health-in-los-angeles/risk-of-stopping-hormone-therapy-hip-fractures; and K. Kalvaitis, “Increased Incidence of Hip Fracture Reported After HT Discontinuation,”
Endocrine Today
, October 11, 2010, at endocrinetoday.com/view.aspx?rid=76342.

24
. V. Beral et al., “Endometrial Cancer and Hormone-Replacement Therapy in the Million Women Study,”
Lancet
365, no. 9470 (April 30, 2005): 1543–51, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15866308.

25
. P. Kenemans et al. for LIBERATE Study Group, “Safety and Efficacy of Tibolone in Breast-Cancer Patients with Vasomotor Symptoms: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Non-inferiority Trial,”
Lancet Oncology
10, no. 2 (February 2009): 135–46.

26
. National Institutes of Health, “Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Black Cohosh,” ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/blackcohosh.

27
. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, “Menopausal Symptoms and CAM,” January 2008, nccam.nih.gov/health/menopause/meno pausesymptoms.htm.

28
. V. C. Wong et al., “Current Alternative and Complementary Therapies Used in Menopause,”
Gynecological Endocrinology
25, no. 3 (March 2009): 166–74.

29
. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, “Menopausal Symptoms and CAM.”

30
. Prescribing practices are significantly different in Europe. See N. Carroll, “A Review of Transdermal Non-patch Estrogen Therapy for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms,”
Journal of Women's Health
19, no. 1 (January 2010): 47–55, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20088658.

31
. Women's Health Initiative, “What You Should Know About the HERS Study,” October 1998, nhlbi.nih.gov/whi/update_hers1998.pdf.

32
. For example, a single randomized trial of oral contraceptive compared with a placebo showed that bleeding became irregular over three cycles before improving and that there was no benefit over a placebo in hot flashes and quality of life. See R. F. Casper, S. Dodin, and R. Reid, “The Effect of 20 mg Ethinyl Estradiol/1 mg Norethindrone Acetate (Minestrin™), a Low-Dose Oral Contraceptive, on Vaginal Bleeding Patterns, Hot Flashes and Quality of Life in Symptomatic Perimenopausal Women,”
Menopause
4, no. 3 (1997): 139–47.

33
. L. Speroff, “Transdermal Hormone Therapy and the Risk of Stroke and Venous Thrombosis,”
Climacteric
13, no. 5 (October 2010): 439–42. From the abstract: “The case-control study by Renoux and colleagues is the first major analysis to compare transdermal and oral hormone therapy and conclude that, compared with an increased risk of stroke with oral therapy, there was no increased risk with transdermal treatment at a dose of 50 microg or less. This report is about as strong an observational study as can be achieved. Large numbers of cases (15 710) and controls (59 958) were available for analysis using the well-known UK GPRD. The use of this computerized database precludes selection bias by the investigators and recall bias by the women in the study. The results support the growing conventional wisdom that transdermal therapy at standard doses is free of the cardiovascular risks
associated with oral therapy.” See also V. Olié, M. Canonico, and P. Y. Scarabin, “Risk of Venous Thrombosis with Oral Versus Transdermal Estrogen Therapy Among Postmenopausal Women,”
Current Opinion in Hematology
17, no. 5 (September 2010): 457–63.

34
. A. Fournier, “Should Transdermal Rather Than Oral Estrogens Be Used in Menopausal Hormone Therapy? A Review,”
Menopause International
16 (2010): 23–32.

35
. C. Campagnoli et al., “Differential Effects of Various Progestogens on Metabolic Risk Factors for Breast Cancer,”
Gynecological Endocrinology
23, suppl. 1 (October 2007): 22–31.

36
. J. C. Prior and C. L. Hitchcock, “Progesterone for Vasomotor Symptoms: A 12-Week Randomized, Masked Placebo-Controlled Trial in Healthy, Normal-Weight Women 1–10 Years Since Final Menstrual Flow,”
Endocrine Reviews
31, no. 3, suppl. 1 (June 2010): S51.

37
. H. B. Leonetti, S. Longo, and J. N. Anasti, “Transdermal Progesterone Cream for Vasomotor Symptoms and Postmenopausal Bone Loss,”
Obstetrics & Gynecology
94 (1999): 225–28; also B. G. Wren et al., “Transdermal Progesterone and Its Effect on Vasomotor Symptoms, Blood Lipid Levels, Bone Metabolic Markers, Moods, and Quality of Life for Postmenopausal Women,”
Menopause
10 (2003): 13.

38
. National Institute on Aging, “Rates of Dementia Increase Among Older Women on Combination Hormone Therapy,” May 27, 2003, nih.gov/news/pr/may 2003/nia-27.htm.

39
. Thanks to Karin Kolsky of the National Institute on Aging for adding to the information in this paragraph.

40
. L. Rosenberg et al., “A Prospective Study of Female Hormone Use and Breast Cancer Among Black Women,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
166 (2006): 760–65.

41
. S. Krishnan, L. Rosenberg, and J. R. Palmer, “Physical Activity and Television Watching in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Black Women's Health Study,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
169, no. 4 (2009): 428–34.

42
. Thanks to Julie Palmer, a BWHS researcher, for adding to the information in this paragraph.

1
. Ashton Applewhite, “Staying Vertical: Dispatches from the Old Old on Work and Happiness,” November 11, 2009, stayingvertical.com/?q=node/227.

2
. Gene Cohen,
The Creative Age: Awakening Human Potential in the Second Half of Life
(New York: Avon/HarperCollins, 2000); George Valliant,
Aging Well: Surprising Guideposts to a Happier Life
(Boston: Little, Brown, 2002); William Sadler and James Krefft,
Changing Course: Navigating Life After 50
(Centennial, CO: Center for Third Age Leadership Press, 2007); Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot,
The Third Chapter: Passion, Risk and Adventure in the 25 Years After 50
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009).

3
. National Center for Health Statistics,
Health, United States, 2009: With Special Feature on Medical Technology
, January 2010, cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus09.pdf.

4
. National Center for Health Statistics,
Health, United States, 2008, With Special Feature on the Health of Young Adults
, March 2009, p. 203, cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026.

5
. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics,
Older Americans 2010: Key Indicators of Well-Being.
July 2010, agingstats.gov/agingstatsdotnet/Main_Site/Data/2010_Documents/Docs/OA_2010.pdf.

6
. Ibid.

7
. Shirley Haynes, “Odds N Ends,”
McKenzie River Reflections
, April 26, 2007, bit.ly/ecyDiH.

8
. Pew Social Trends Staff, “Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality,” Pew Research Center, June 29, 2009, pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/736/getting-old-in-america.

9
. Gretchen Livingston and Kim Parker, “Since Start of the Great Recession, More Children Raised by Grandparents,” September 9, 2010, pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/764/more-children-being-raised-by-grandparents-great-recession.

10
. Gary Gates, quoted in Jane Gross, “Aging and Gay, and Facing Prejudice in Twilight,”
New York Times
, October 9, 2007, nytimes.com/2007/10/09/us/09aged.html.

11
. Services and Advocacy for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual & Transgender Elders (SAGE) and the LGBT Movement Advancement Project (MAP), “Improving the Lives of LGBT Older Adults,” March 2010, sageusa.org/resources/resource_view.cfm?resource=183.

12
. Gary Gates, quoted in Jane Gross, “Aging and Gay, and Facing Prejudice in Twilight.”

13
. Lisa Bennett and Gary J. Gates, “The Cost of Marriage Inequality to Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Seniors,” Human Rights Campaign Foundation, January 29, 2004, hrc.org/documents/cost_of_marriage.pdf.

14
. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, “Older Americans 2010: Key Indicators of Well-Being.”

15
. Ibid.

16
. R. S. Wilson et al., “Cognitive Activity and the Cognitive Morbidity of Alzheimer Disease,”
Neurology
75, no. 11 (September 14, 2010): 990–99, neurology.org/content/75/11/990.

17
. Kirk R. Daffner,
Improving Memory: Understanding Age-Related Memory Loss
(Boston: Harvard Health Publications, 2010), pp. 9–11.

18
. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, “Screening for Breast Cancer,” July 2010, uspreventiveservicestask force.org/uspstf/uspsbrca.htm.

19
. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, “First Cervical Cancer Screening Delayed Until Age 21; Less Frequent Pap Tests Recommended,” November 20, 2009, acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr11-20-09.cfm.

20
. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute, “Outing Age 2010: Public Policy Issues Affecting Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Elders,” November 23, 2009, thetaskforce.org/reports_and_research/outing_age_2010.

21
. Services and Advocacy for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual & Transgender Elders (SAGE) and the LGBT Movement Advancement Project (MAP), “Improving the Lives of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Older Adults.”

22
. Joan Price,
Better Than I Ever Expected: Straight Talk About Sex After 60
(Berkeley: Seal Press, 2005), p. 17.

23
. Meika Loe,
Aging Our Way: Lessons for Living from 85 and Beyond
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

24
. Jan Leslie Shifren et al.,
Sexuality in Midlife and Beyond
(Boston: Harvard Health Publications), p. 14.

25
. Ibid., p. 5.

26
. S. T. Lindau et al., “A Study of Sexuality and Health Among Older Adults in the United States,”
New England Journal of Medicine
357, no. 8 (2007): 762–74.

27
. J. M. Wood, P. K. Mansfield, and P. B. Koch, “Negotiating Sexual Agency: Postmenopausal Women's Meaning and Experience of Sexual Desire,”
Qualitative Health Research
17, no. 2 (2007): 189–200.

28
. AARP, “Sexuality at Midlife and Beyond: 2004 Update of Attitudes and Behaviors,” assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/2004_sexuality.pdf

29
. Barry R. Komisaruk et al.,
The Orgasm Answer Guide
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010).

30
. Ibid.

31
. Price,
Better Than I Ever Expected
, p. 125.

32
. Carol Rinkleib Ellison,
Women's Sexualities: Generations of Women Share Intimate Secrets of Sexual Self-Acceptance
(Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 2000).

33
. “Manuscript in Preparation,” Research Survey-Sexuality Profile of Older Women, Anita Hoffer, 2009.

34
. Siobhan Benet, “HIV/AIDS in Mature Women Jumps 40 Percent,” Women's eNews Inc., March 25, 2001, womensenews.org/story/hivaids/010325/hivaids-in-mature-women-jumps-40-percent.

35
. P. J. Huffstutter, “Older But Wiser? Safe Sex After 50,”
Los Angeles Times
, November 26, 2007, articles.la times.com/2007/nov/26/nation/na-safesex26.

36
. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, “Older Americans 2010: Key Indicators of Well-Being,” table 14c, p. 94.

37
. Institute of Medicine,
Retooling for an Aging America: Building the Health Care Workforce
, April 11, 2008, iom.edu/agingamerica.

38
. Edward L. Schneider and Vito M. Campese, “Adverse Drug Responses: An Increasing Threat to the Well-being of Older Patients: Comment on ‘Development and Validation of a Score to Assess Risk of Adverse Drug Reactions Among In-Hospital Patients 65 Years or Older,'”
Archives of Internal Medicine
170, no. 13 (2010): 1148–49.

39
. Jennifer W. Mack et al., “Racial Disparities in the Outcomes of Communication on Medical Care Received Near Death,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
170, no. 17 (2010): 1533–40, archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/17/1533.

40
. National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP, “Caregiving in the U.S. Executive Summary,” November 2009, caregiving.org/data/CaregivingUSAllAgesExecSum.pdf.

41
. AARP, “Valuing the Invaluable: The Economic Value of Family Caregiving, 2008 Update,” November 2008, assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/il/i13_caregiving.pdf.

42
. Margaret K. Nelson, “Listening to Anna,”
Health Affairs
26, no. 3 (2007): 836–40.

43
. For more information, see National Center on Elder Abuse, “Domestic Violence: Older Women Can Be Victims Too,” September 2005, ncea.aoa.gov/ncea root/main_site/pdf/publication/OLDERWOMEN2-CO LUMNFINAL10-11-05.pdf.

44
. Administration on Aging, “World Elder Abuse Awareness Day,” November 9, 2010, aoa.gov/aoaroot/aoa_programs/elder_rights/ea_prevention/weaad.aspx.

45
. National Clearinghouse on Abuse in Later Life, “Frequently Asked Questions About Abuse in Later Life,” 2006, ncall.us/docs/FAQs_DALL.pdf.

46
. Ibid.

47
. Gloria Steinem, “Transformative Thought,”
Harvard Magazine
, May 28, 2010, harvardmagazine.com/commencement/2010-radcliffe.

48
. Gene Cohen, “Research on Creativity and Aging: The Positive Experience of the Arts on Health and Illness,”
Generations
30, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 7–15, gwumc.edu/cahh/pdf/RESEARCH%20ON%20CREATIVITY%20 AND%20AGING.pdf.