Imperial Requiem: Four Royal Women and the Fall of the Age of Empires (105 page)

18: Imperial Endgame

1. Hall,
Little Mother of Russia
, p. 279.

2. Grand Duke Alexander,
Once a Grand Duke
, pp. 283–284.

3. Pares,
My Russian Memoirs
, p. 361.

4. Carter,
George, Nicholas and Wilhelm
, p. 397.

5. Diary entry of January 17/30, 1917, in
The Story of My Life
, Queen Marie, vol. 3, p. 129.

6. Rappaport,
Last Days of the Romanovs
, p. 67.

7. Tsarina Alexandra to Tsar Nicholas II, March 2, 1917, in
The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), eds. Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalëv, pp. 93–95.

8. Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, March 3, 1917, in
From Splendor to Revolution
, Gelardi, p. 322.

9. Gelardi,
Born to Rule
, p. 257.

10. Bogle,
A Heart for Europe
, p. 95.

11. Diary entry of King George V, March 13, 1917, GV/PRIV/GVD, King George V Papers, the Royal Archives, quoted in
George, Nicholas and Wilhelm
, Carter, p. 399.

12. Kurth,
Tsar
, p. 8.

13. Carter,
George, Nicholas and Wilhelm
, p. 385.

14. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Habsburg
, p. 77.

15. Snyder,
The Red Prince
, p. 87.

16. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Empress
, p. 66.

17. Memorandum of W. Gugoy, June 3, 1917, FO 371-3134, London Public Records Office.

18. Memorandum of Philippe Pétain to Paul Painlevé, August 4, 1917, in “Empress Zita,”
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
, Thomas, p. 3.

19. Bogle,
A Heart for Europe
, p. 80.

20. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Habsburg
, pp. 67–68. The Habsburgs’ ties to Lorraine stretched back two hundred years to when Maria Theresa, the heiress to the Austrian throne, married Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine. The title had been passed down to Austrian emperors ever since. Since that time, the official name of the Austrian imperial family has been Habsburg-Lorraine.

21. Emperor Charles I to Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, March 24, 1917, in
The Fall of Eagles
(New York: Crown Publishers, 1977), C. L. Sulzberger, pp. 337–341.

22. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Habsburg
, p. 74.

23. Bogle,
A Heart for Europe
, p. 82.

24. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Habsburg
, pp. 74–75.

25. Ibid., pp. 85–86.

26. Bogle,
A Heart for Europe
, pp. 89–90.

27. Ibid, p. iii.

19: Hated, Humbled, Rejected

1. Tsar Nicholas II, March 3, 1917, State Archive of the Russian Federation 601/2100, in
Michael and Natasha: The Life and Love of the Last Tsar of Russia
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997), Donald and Rosemary Crawford, p. 288.

2. Gelardi,
From Splendor to Revolution
, p. 325. The original quote, translated by the author, was written in French: “
le pauvre … tout seul là bas … oh, mon Dieu, par quoi il passé! Et je ne puis pas être près de lui pour consoler
.”

3. Buxhoeveden,
Alexandra Feodorovna
, p. 262.

4. Gelardi,
Born to Rule
, pp. 257–258.

5. Queen Marie,
The Story of My Life
, vol. 3, pp. 151–152.

6. Dehn,
The Real Tsaritsa
, pp. 190–191.

7. Paley,
Memories of Russia
, p. 87.

8. Erickson,
Alexandra
, p. 306.

9. Ibid., p. 310.

10. Buxhoeveden,
Alexandra Feodorovna
, p. 282.

11. Gelardi,
From Splendor to Revolution
, p. 327.

12. Carter,
George, Nicholas and Wilhelm
, p. 410.

13. Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, p. 257.

14. Carter,
George, Nicholas and Wilhelm
, p. 410.

15. Massie,
Nicholas and Alexandra
, p. 495.

16. Arthur Bigge, Baron Stamfordham, to Arthur Balfour, April 6, 1917, LG/F/3/2/19, Parliamentary Archives.

17. Rappaport,
Last Days of the Romanovs
, p. 151.

18. Edwards,
Matriarch
, p. 264.

19. Massie,
Nicholas and Alexandra
, p. 496.

20. Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova to Alexander Syroboiarsky, May 29, 1917, in
Fall of the Romanovs
, Steinberg and Khrustalëv, pp. 150–152.

21. Tyler-Whittle,
The Last Kaiser
, p. 285.

22. Carter,
George, Nicholas and Wilhelm
, p. 403.

23. Edwards,
Matriarch
, p. 266.

24. Hibbert,
Queen Victoria
, p. 382.

25. Nicolson,
King George V
, p. 308.

26. Edwards,
Matriarch
, p. 270.

27. Dennison,
The Last Princess
, p. 277.

28. Legge,
King George and the Royal Family
, vol. 1, p. 287.

29. Prince Louis of Battenberg to Princess Louise of Battenberg, June 6, 1917, in
The Last Princess
, Dennison, p. 277.

30. Royal Proclamation of King George V, July 17, 1917, in
King George and the Royal Family
, Legge, vol. 1, pp. 294–295.

31. Dennison,
The Last Princess
, p. 277.

32. Legge,
King George and the Royal Family
, vol. 1, p. 297.

33. Duff,
Queen Mary
, p. 134.

34. Queen Mary to King George V, March 27, 1918, in
Matriarch
, Edwards, p. 271.

20: Into the Abyss

1. Report from the Associated Press, May 25, 1917 (published June 30, 1917).

2. Kurth,
Tsar
, p. 164.

3. Ibid., p. 166.

4. Gelardi,
From Splendor to Revolution
, p. 338.

5. Coryne Hall and John Van der Kiste,
Once a Grand Duchess: Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II
(Phoenix Mill: Sutton Publishing, 2002), p. 121.

6. Empress Marie Feodorovna to Nicholas Romanov, December 21, 1917, in
From Splendor to Revolution
, Gelardi, p. 340.

7. Erickson,
Alexandra
, p. 319.

8. Viroubova,
Memories
, p. 298.

9. Erickson,
Alexandra
, p. 324.

10. Botkin,
Real Romanovs
, p. 165.

11. Rappaport,
Last Days of the Romanovs
, p. 83.

12. Gelardi,
Born to Rule
, p. 268.

13. Ibid.

14. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Habsburg
, p. 121.

15. Ibid., p. 125.

16. Snyder,
The Red Prince
, p. 99.

17. Beech and McIntosh,
Empress Zita
, p. 36.

18. Thomas, “Empress Zita,”
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
, p. 3.

19. New York Times
, January 15, 1918.

20. Ashburton Guardian
, July 11, 1918.

21. Healy,
Fall of the Habsburg Empire
, p. 296.

22. Diary entry of Empress Zita, April 2, 1918, Habsburg Family Archives, Cassette No. 22, File 128, in
The Last Empress
, Brook-Shepherd, p. 93.

23. Bogle,
A Heart for Europe
, p. 91.

24. Diary entry of Empress Zita, April 2, 1918, Habsburg Family Archives, Cassette No. 22, File 128, in
The Last Empress
, Brook-Shepherd, p. 93.

25. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Habsburg
, p. 144.

26. John Toland,
No Man’s Land: 1918, The Last Year of the Great War
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980), p. 167.

27. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Empress
, p. 96.

28. Sir Horace Rumbold to Arthur Balfour, May 9, 1918, in
A Heart for Europe
, Bogle, pp. 97–98.

29. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Habsburg
, p. 147.

30. Taylor,
Fall of the Dynasties
, p. 358.

31. Bogle,
A Heart for Europe
, p. 95.

32. Cecil,
Wilhelm II
, p. 275.

33. Diary entry of Empress Zita, April 13, 1918, Habsburg Family Archives, Cassette No. 22, File 128, in
The Last Empress
, Brook-Shepherd, p. 101.