Imperial Requiem: Four Royal Women and the Fall of the Age of Empires (104 page)

13. Harding,
Imperial Twilight
, p. 69.

14. Bogle,
A Heart for Europe
, p. 58.

15. Margutti,
Emperor Francis Joseph
, p. 159.

16. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Empress
, p. 37.

17. Gelardi,
Born to Rule
, p. 216.

18. Tsarina Alexandra to the Reverend William Boyd Carpenter, bishop of Ripon, January 20/February 2, 1915, Add. MSS 46721/246, The British Library, quoted in
Born to Rule
, Gelardi, pp. 216–217.

19. Diary entry of Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich, September 6, 1915, in
From Splendor to Revolution
, Gelardi, p. 281.

20. Gelardi
, Born to Rule
, pp. 217–218.

21. Tsarina Alexandra to Tsar Nicholas II, April 4, 1915, in Gelardi,
From Splendor to Revolution
, p. 283.

22. Empress Marie Feodorovna to Tsar Nicholas II, February 1/14, 1915, in
Letters of Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie
, Bing, p. 292.

23. Empress Marie Feodorovna to Tsar Nicholas II, May 22/June 4, 1916, in ibid., p. 297.

24. Erickson,
Alexandra
, p. 243.

25. Ibid., p. 100.

26. Viroubova,
Memories
, pp. 109–110.

27. Rappaport,
Last Days of the Romanovs
, p. 67.

28. Tsarina Alexandra to Tsar Nicholas II, October 1, 1915, in
The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra, April 1914–March 1917
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), ed. Joseph T. Fuhrmann, no. 504, p. 257.

29. Tsarina Alexandra to the Reverend William Boyd Carpenter, bishop of Ripon, January 20/February 2, 1915, Add. MSS 26721/248, The British Library, quoted in
Born to Rule
, Gelardi, p. 223.

16: Apocalypse Rising

1. Empress Augusta Victoria to Prince Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, July 29, 1896, in “Empress Auguste Victoria and the Fall of the German Monarchy” in
The American Historical Review
(October 1952), Andreas Dorpalen, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 22.

2. Ibid
.

3. Radziwill,
Royal Marriage Market
, p. 32.

4. German Crown Prince,
Memoirs
, p. 5.

5. Fontenoy,
Secret Memoirs
, vol. 1, p. 191.

6. Shaw,
Royal Babylon
(Kobo desktop version), chap. 5, para 47.

7. Zedlitz-Trützschler,
Twelve Years
, p. 67.

8. Erickson,
Alexandra
, p. 245.

9. Times
, March 11, 1916.

10. Woodward,
Queen Mary
, p. 175.

11. Edmund Walsh,
The Fall of the Russian Empire
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1928), p. 117.

12. King,
Last Empress
, p. 245.

13. Kokovstov,
Out of My Past
, p. 296.

14. Queen Alexandra to King George V, undated, GV/PRIV/AA35/6, King George V Papers, the Royal Archives, quoted in
George, Nicholas and Wilhelm
, Carter, p. 391.

15. Times
, October 13, 1914.

16. Clark,
Kaiser Wilhelm II
, (Kobo desktop version), chap. 1, para. 41. In his book, Clark specifically used these examples in his analysis of Emperor Wilhelm II. While Clark uses them in a specific context, they are apt in a broader sense. Like Wilhelm, there was very much a sociocultural pattern in the way Alexandra and many other royals have been evaluated.

17. Wilson and King,
Resurrection of the Romanovs
, p. 47.

18. Gelardi,
From Splendor to Revolution
, p. 293.

19. Grand Duke Alexander,
Once a Grand Duke
, p. 271.

20. Gelardi,
Born to Rule
, p. 239.

21. Ibid., pp. 241–242.

22. Ibid., p. 244.

23. Gelardi,
From Splendor to Revolution
, p. 296.

24. Hugo Mager,
Elizabeth, Grand Duchess of Russia
(New York: Carroll & Graf, 1998), pp. 302–303.

25. Felix Yusupov,
Lost Splendour
(London: Cape, 1953), p. 157.

26. Gelardi,
From Splendor to Revolution
, p. 310.

27. Grand Duchess Marie,
Education of a Princess
, pp. 248–249. This was not the same Marie Pavlovna (“Miechen”) who was Nicholas II’s aunt and a princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. This grand duchess was one of the tsar’s cousins.

28. Gelardi,
Born to Rule
, p. 250.

29. Shaw,
Royal Babylon
(Kobo desktop version), chap. 5, para 141.

30. Gelardi,
From Splendor to Revolution
, pp. 313–314.

31. Grand Duchess Marie,
Education of a Princess
, p. 250.

32. Gleb Botkin,
The Real Romanovs
(New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1931), pp. 127–128.

33. Gelardi,
From Splendor to Revolution
, p. 315.

34. Ibid., p. 317.

35. Princess Paley,
Memories of Russia, 1916–1919
(London: Herbert Jenkins, 1924), p. 38.

36. Grand Duke Alexander,
Once a Grand Duke
, p. 275.

37. Gilliard,
Thirteen Years at the Russian Court,
p. 183.

38. Carter,
George, Nicholas and Wilhelm
, p. 395.

39. Massie,
Nicholas and Alexandra
, pp. 402–403.

17: “May God Bless Your Majesty”

1. Robin Okey,
The Habsburg Monarchy 1765–1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 381.

2. Bogle,
A Heart for Europe
, p. 73.

3. Ibid., p. 60.

4. Ibid., p. 63.

5. Leslie Carroll,
Notorious Royal Marriages: A Juicy Journey Through Nine Centuries of Dynasty, Destiny, and Desire
(London: Penguin Books, 2010), p. 370.

6. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Empress
, p. 41.

7. Beech and McIntosh,
Empress Zita of Austria,
p. 41.

8. The Kingdom of Slavonia was a province of the Habsburg monarchy and, later, the Austrian Empire. Its borders were spread across parts of northern Croatia and Serbia. Slavonia should not be confused with the modern day nation of Slovenia.

9. Harding,
Imperial Twilight
, p. 64.

10. Viktoria Luise,
The Kaiser’s Daughter
, pp. 89–90.

11. Gordon Brook-Shepherd,
Uncrowned Emperor: The Life and Times of Otto von Habsburg
(London: Hambledon & London, 2003), p. 27.

12. Taylor,
Fall of the Dynasties
, p. 353.

13. Times
, November 23, 1916.

14. Ibid.

15. New York Times
, November 24, 1916.

16. Thomas, “Empress Zita,”
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
, p. 2–3.

17. Maureen Healy,
Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 296.

18. Thomas, “Empress Zita,”
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
, pp. 2–3.

19. Taylor,
Fall of the Dynasties
, p. 355.

20. Okey,
The Habsburg Monarchy
, p. 384.

21. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Habsburg
, pp. 51–52.

22. Catherine Karolyi,
A Life Together
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1966), pp. 168–169.

23. Brook-Shepherd,
Uncrowned Emperor
, pp. 28–29.

24. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Empress
, p. 56.

25. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Habsburg
, p. 55.

26. Brook-Shepherd,
Uncrowned Emperor
, p. 32.

27. Queen Mary to Lady Charlotte Mount Stephen, November 10, 1916, in
Queen Mary
, Pope-Hennessy, p. 504.

28. John Fraser,
The Secret of the Crown: Canada’s Affair with Royalty
(Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2012), p. 48.

29. Wakeford,
Three Consort Queens
, p. 178.

30. Ibid.

31. Gelardi,
Born to Rule
, p. 132.

32. King George V to Tsar Nicholas II, January 7, 1916, in
George, Nicholas and Wilhelm
, Carter, p. 393.

33. Wakeford,
Three Consort Queens
, p. 151.

34. Diary entry of Queen Mary, December 6, 1916, in
Queen Mary
, Pope-Hennessy, p. 503.

35. Wakeford,
Three Consort Queens
, p. 151.