From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (198 page)

29
. Leffler, "Expansionist Impulses," 246; Cohen,
Empire
, 23–25.

30
. Cohen,
Empire
, 28–29.

31
. Ibid., 36–40.

32
. Thomas F. O'Brien, " 'Rich Beyond the Dreams of Avarice': The Guggenheims in Chile,"
Business History Review
63 (Spring 1989), 142.

33
. Emily S. Rosenberg, "The Invisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution of Neocolonialism, 1909–1940,"
Diplomatic History
9 (Summer 1985), 203–4.

34
. Daniel Yergin,
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power
(New York, 1991), 194–243.

35
. Leffler, "Expansionist Impulses," 258–59, 264–65.

36
. Hogan,
Informal Entente
, 103; Cohen,
Empire
, 34–35, 42–43.

37
. Thomas F. O'Brien, "The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Cuba,"
American Historical Review
98 (June 1993), 785.

38
. Trani and Wilson,
Harding Presidency
, 142.

39
. Cohen,
Empire,
55.

40
. Ibid., 57–58.

41
. Ferrell,
Coolidge Presidency,
157.

42
. Ibid., 157–59; Cohen,
Empire,
57–58.

43
. Cohen,
Empire,
46–49.

44
. Sadao Asada, "Between the Old Diplomacy and the New, 1918–1922: The Washington Conference and the Origins of Japanese Rapprochement,"
Diplomatic History
30 (April 2006), 214–15.

45
. The standard account is Thomas H. Buckley,
The United States and the Washington Conference, 1921–1922
(Knoxville, Tenn., 1970). A lively portrayal is Robert K. Massie, "The 1921 SALT Talks—And You Are There,"
New York Times Magazine,
October 1, 1977), 38ff.

46
. Cohen,
Empire,
50–51.

47
. Ibid., 52.

48
. Walter LaFeber,
The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History
(New York, 1997), 139–40; David Kahn letter to editor,
New York Times Book Review,
May 5, 2002.

49
. Asada, "Old Diplomacy and the New," 223–28.

50
. Cohen,
Empire,
54.

51
. Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion,
44.

52
. Cohen,
Empire,
20–21, 90–91.

53
. Melvyn P. Leffler,
The Elusive Quest: America's Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919–1933
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979), 68.

54
. Hogan,
Informal Entente,
51–52.

55
. Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion,
106–7; Hogan,
Informal Entente,
51–53.

56
. Hogan,
Informal Entente,
69.

57
. Leffler,
Elusive Quest,
42.

58
. Ferrell,
Coolidge Presidency,
147.

59
. Hogan,
Informal Entente,
77.

60
. Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion,
123.

61
. Ibid., 124.

62
. Matthews,
Houghton,
120–28.

63
. Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion,
131–38; Leffler,
Elusive Quest,
138–54.

64
. Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion,
216–17.

65
. Neal Pease,
Poland, the United States, and the Stabilization of Europe, 1919–1933
(New York, 1986), 22.

66
. Linda R. Killen,
Testing the Peripheries: U.S.-Yugoslav Economic Relations in the Interwar Years
(New York, 1994), vii.

67
. Cary W. Blankenship, "Nationalization of Industry in Czechoslovakia in 1945" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 2002), 95–98.

68
. Killen,
Testing the Peripheries,
104, 117.

69
. Pease,
Poland,
167.

70
. Neal R. Pease, "Charles Dewey as the First United States Financial Adviser to Poland, 1927–1930,"
International History Review
9 (February 1987), 85; Frank Costigliola, "American Foreign Policy and the 'Nut Cracker': The United States and Poland in the 1920s,"
Pacific Historical Review
48 (February 1979), 85–105; Rosenberg,
Financial Missionaries,
176–84.

71
. John Lewis Gaddis,
Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History
(2nd ed., New York, 1990), 93–95.

72
. Ibid., 105; Douglas Little, "Antibolshevism and American Foreign Policy: The Diplomacy of Self-Delusion,"
American Quarterly
35 (Fall 1983), 379–81.

73
. Gaddis,
Russia,
94–97, 105–16; Little, "Self-Delusion," 376–90.

74
. Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion,
87–93; Benjamin D. Rhodes, "American Relief Operations at Nikolaiev, USSR, 1922–1923,"
Historian
51 (August 1989), 611–26; Bertrand M. Patenaude,
The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921
(Stanford, Calif., 2002).

75
. Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion,
150.

76
. James K. Libbey,
Russian-American Economic Relations, 1763–1999
(Gulf Breeze, Fla., 1999), 83–84.

77
. Ibid., 73–99; Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion,
157–162; Katherine A. S. Siegel, "Technology and Trade: Russia's Pursuit of American Investment, 1917–1929,"
Diplomatic History
17 (Summer 1993), 378, 388.

78
. LaFeber,
Clash,
144.

79
. Merle Curti,
American Philanthropy Abroad
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1996), 345–46.

80
. LaFeber,
Clash,
144–46; William L. Neumann,
America Encounters Japan: From Perry to MacArthur
(New York, 1965), 176–79.

81
. Cohen,
Empire,
31–32, 38.

82
. Akira Iriye,
Across the Pacific: An Inner History of American-East Asian Relations
(New York, 1967), 154–55.

83
. Cohen,
Empire,
81–82.

84
. Ferrell,
Coolidge Presidency,
164.

85
. Lars Schoultz,
Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
(Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 255.

86
. Emily S. and Norman L. Rosenberg, "From Colonialism to Professionalism: The Public-Private Dynamic in United States Financial Advising, 1898–1929,"
Journal of American History
74 (June 1987), 71–82.

87
. Trani and Wilson,
Harding Presidency,
136–37.

88
. Ibid.

89
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
257–58; Trani and Wilson,
Harding Presidency,
135.

90
. Bruce J. Calder,
The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic During the U.S. Occupation of 1916–1924
(Austin, Tex., 1984), 239; Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
257–60.

91
. Schmitz,
Stimson,
51; Ferrell,
Coolidge Presidency,
135.

92
. Lester D. Langley,
The Banana Wars: An Inner History of American Empire, 1900-1934
(Lexington, Ky., 1983), 212–16.

93
. Schmitz,
Stimson,
57–60.

94
. Cohen,
Empire,
64.

95
. Karl M. Schmitt,
Mexico and the United States, 1821–1973
(New York, 1974), 163–65.

96
. Ibid.

97
. Enrique Krauze,
Mexico—Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996
(New York, 1997), 418.

98
. Richard W. Fanning,
Peace and Disarmament: Naval Rivalry and Arms Control, 1922–1933
(Lexington, Ky., 1995), 116.

99
. Berg,
Lindbergh,
172–73; Cline,
Mexico,
210–13; Krauze,
Mexico,
419.

100
. Cohen,
Empire,
59–62. The standard account is Robert H. Ferrell,
Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
(New Haven, Conn., 1952).

101
. Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion,
191.

102
. Clifford R. Levin, "Herbert Hoover, Internationalist, 1919–1933"
Prologue
20 (Winter 1988), 249–67.

103
. Schmitz,
Stimson,
79; Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion,
225–27.

104
. Fanning,
Peace and Disarmament,
128, 132.

105
. Leffler,
Elusive Quest,
195–202.

106
. Ibid., 202–19; Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion,
190–92.

107
. Robert H. Ferrell,
American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: Hoover-Stimson Foreign Policy
(New York, 1970), 114–16; Schmitz,
Stimson,
83–89.

108
. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., "Back to the Womb,"
Foreign Affairs
74 (July/August 1995), 3.

1
.
www.bartleby.com/124/pres49.html
.

2
. The phrase is from Robert Endicott Osgood,
Ideals and Self-Interest in America's Foreign Relations: The Great Transformation of the Twentieth Century
(Chicago, 1964).

3
. Robert S. McElvaine,
The Great Depression: America, 1929–1941
(New York, 1984), 34.

4
. Charles P. Kindelberger,
The World in Depression, 1929–1939
(Berkeley, Calif., 1986), 294.

5
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
(New York, 1987), 333.

6
. David M. Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War
(New York, 1999), 84–88.

7
. Christopher G. Thorne,
The Limits of Foreign Policy: The West, the League, and the Far Eastern Crisis, 1931–1933
(New York, 1973), 32–35.

8
. Warren I. Cohen,
America's Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations
(New York, 1971), 124–25.

9
. Thorne,
Limits,
37–38.

10
. Ibid., 78–80.

11
. Robert H. Ferrell,
American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: Hoover-Stimson Foreign Policy, 1929–1933
(New York, 1970), 138–43.

12
. Justus D. Doenecke and John E. Wilz,
From Isolation to War, 1931–1941
(Arlington Heights, Ill., 1991), 35, 38; Thorne,
Limits,
243.

13
. Thorne,
Limits,
245.

14
. David F. Schmitz,
Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man
(Wilmington, Del., 2001), 107.

15
. Ibid., 110–11.

16
. Ibid., 111.

17
. Doenecke,
Isolation to War,
46.

18
. Cohen,
America's Response to China,
134; for the British, see Thorne,
Limits,
247.

19
. Thorne,
Limits,
especially 404–10.

20
. James MacGregor Burns's
Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox
(New York, 1956) and
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom
(New York, 1970) remain the most insightful FDR biographies. Robert Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945
(New York, 1979) is the most comprehensive treatment of the subject.