From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (200 page)

114
. Peter H. Smith,
Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of U.S.–Latin American Relations
(New York, 1996), 85.

115
. T. Christopher Jespersen,
American Images of China, 1931–1949
(Stanford, Calif., 1996), 56.

116
. Doenecke,
Isolation to War,
120–21.

117
. Divine,
Reluctant Belligerent,
96–97.

118
. Ibid., 98–99.

119
. Peter Mauch, "Revisiting Nomura's Diplomacy: Ambassador Nomura's Role in the Japanese-American Negotiations, 1941,"
Diplomatic History
28 (June 2004), 358, 362.

120
. Ibid., 359.

121
. Warren F. Kimball,
Forged in War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Second World War
(New York, 1999), 90–91.

122
. George C. Herring Jr.,
Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War
(New York, 1973), 22.

123
. Theodore Wilson,
The First Summit: Roosevelt and Churchill at Placentia Bay, 1941
(rev. ed., Lawrence, Kans., 1991).

124
. Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear,
498–99, provides a staunch defense of FDR's actions.

125
. Heinrichs,
Threshold of War,
92.

126
. Doenecke,
Isolation to War,
138–39.

127
. Mauch, "Nomura's Diplomacy," 375.

128
. A statement of the conspiracy thesis can be found in John Toland,
Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath
(New York, 1982). The most persuasive account is Gordon W. Prange,
At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor
(New York, 1981).

129
. David Kahn, "Pearl Harbor as an Intelligence Failure," in Akira Iriye,
Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War
(Boston, 1999), 158–68.

130
. Paul W. Schroeder,
The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations, 1941
(Ithaca, 1958), originally developed this argument. For a more recent statement, see Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear,
513–14.

131
. Reynolds,
Munich to Pearl Harbor,
4.

1
. Joseph C. Grew,
Turbulent Era: A Record of Forty Years in the U.S. Diplomatic Service
(2 vols., London, 1953), 2:1260.

2
. Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr.,
The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg
(Boston, 1952), 10.

3
. Robert E. Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History
(New York, 1948), 490.

4
. Winston S. Churchill,
The Hinge of Fate
(Cambridge, Mass., 1950), 92.

5
. Beatrice Bishop Berle and Travis Beal Jacobs, eds.,
Navigating the Rapids, 1918–1971: From the Papers of Adolph A. Berle
(New York, 1973), 400.

6
. Paul D. Mayle,
Eureka Summit
(Newark, Del., 1987), 37.

7
. Entry for December 16, 1943, Diary of Henry L. Stimson, microfilm edition; Forrest C. Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 1943–1945
(New York, 1973), 585.

8
. Allan M. Winkler,
The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942–1945
(New Haven, Conn., 1978).

9
. George C. Herring Jr., "Experiment in Foreign Aid: Lend-Lease, 1941–1945" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1965), especially 129–64.

10
. Central Intelligence Agency,
The Office of Strategic Services
(Washington, 2000).

11
. Spruille Braden,
Diplomats and Demagogues: The Memoirs of Spruille Braden
(New York, 1971), 275.

12
. John Morton Blum,
V Was for Victory: Politics and Culture During World War II
(New York, 1976), 45.

13
. Fred I. Israel, ed.,
The War Diary of Breckinridge Long: Selections from the Years 1939–1944
(Lincoln, Neb., 1966), 289–90.

14
. Mark A. Stoler,
Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000), viii–ix, 64–65.

15
. Pogue,
Organizer of Victory,
38–39.

16
. Max Freedman, ed.,
Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence
(Boston, 1967), 692.

17
. Warren F. Kimball,
The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman
(Princeton, N.J., 1991), 7.

18
. FDR to WSC, July 29, 1942, in Warren F. Kimball, ed.,
Churchill and Roosevelt: Their Complete Correspondence
(3 vols., Princeton, N.J., 1984), 1:545.

19
. Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins,
227.

20
. Kimball,
Juggler,
64.

21
. Quoted in Stoler,
Allies and Adversaries,
viii.

22
. Milovan Djilas,
Conversations with Stalin
(New York, 1962), 73–74.

23
. George C. Herring,
Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War
(New York, 1973), 18–22, 94.

24
. See, for example, Warren F. Kimball,
Forged in War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Second World War
(New York, 1997) and Christopher Thorne,
Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan
(New York, 1978). Kimball, "The Bomb and the Special Relationship,"
Finest Hour: The Journal of Winston Churchill
137 (Winter 2007–8), 37–42, details the problems with atomic collaboration.

25
. Stoler,
Allies and Adversaries,
87–96.

26
. Vladislav M. Zubok, "Stalin's Plans and Russian Archives,"
Diplomatic History
21 (Spring 1997), 296.

27
. Ibid.; Melvyn P. Leffler, "Inside Enemy Archives: The Cold War Reopened,"
Foreign Affairs
(July-August 1996), 124–25, and
A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War
(Stanford, Calif., 1992), 49, 99, 102–3.

28
. Quoted in Kimball,
Juggler,
136.

29
. Berle and Jacobs,
Navigating the Rapids,
394–95.

30
. David M. Kennedy,
A Tale of Three Cities: How the United States Won World War II
(Melbourne, Australia, 2001), 6, 12.

31
. Richard W. Steele,
The First Offensive, 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall, and the Making of American Strategy
(Bloomington, Ind., 1973), 79.

32
. Herring,
Aid to Russia,
54–60.

33
.
Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945
(Washington, 1955), 768.

34
. Stoler,
Allies and Adversaries,
79–86.

35
. Pogue,
Organizer of Victory,
7.

36
. Stoler,
Allies and Adversaries,
86.

37
. Kimball,
Forged in War,
143–55; Robert Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945
(New York, 1979), 345–49.

38
. Herring,
Aid to Russia,
68–74.

39
. Stoler,
Allies and Adversaries,
103.

40
. Kimball,
Juggler,
76–79.

41
. Maurice Matloff, "Franklin Delano Roosevelt as War Leader," in Harry L. Coles, ed.,
Total War and Cold War: Problems in Civilian Control of the Military
(Columbus, Ohio, 1962), 42–65, and Kent Roberts Greenfield,
American Strategy in World War II: A Reconsideration
(Baltimore, 1963), both provide valuable analyses of FDR as grand strategist.

42
. Good short analyses of Teheran may be found in Kimball,
Forged in War,
241–55, and David M. Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War
(New York, 1998), 674–85.

43
. Kimball,
Juggler,
107.

44
. Frederick B. Pike,
FDR's Good Neighbor Policy: Sixty Years of Generally Gentle Chaos
(Austin, Tex., 1995), 257.

45
. Ibid., 257–61.

46
. Lars Schoultz,
Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
(Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 312–13.

47
. Max Paul Friedman, "There Goes the Neighborhood: Blacklisting Germans in Latin America and the Evanescence of the Good Neighbor Policy,"
Diplomatic History
27 (September 2003), 569–97; Graham D. Taylor, "The Axis Replacement Program: Economic Warfare and the Chemical Industry in Latin America,"
Diplomatic History
8 (Spring 1984), 145–64.

48
. Gerald K. Haines, "Under the Eagle's Wing: The Franklin Roosevelt Administration Forges an American Hemisphere,"
Diplomatic History
1 (Fall 1977), 375.

49
. Jimmie Irene Page, "A Study of the Institute of Inter-American Affairs as an Instrument of United States Diplomacy in Chile" (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 1972); Luis Pena, "Fighting the Invisible Enemy and Enhancing the United States Image in Venezuela,"
Maryland Historian
15 (Fall–Winter 1984), 11–22.

50
. Haines, "Eagle's Wing," 380–83.

51
. George C. Herring, "The Most Unsordid Act Revisited: Lend-Lease, War Aims, and Results," paper presented at the Anglo-American-Soviet conference on World War II, Middelburg, Netherlands, June 1985, 17.

52
. Mark T. Gilderhus,
The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889
(Wilmington, Del., 2000), 102; Eric Paul Roorda,
The Dictator Next Door
(Durham, N.C., 1998), 219–20.

53
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
313.

54
. Kyle Longley,
In the Eagle's Shadow: The United States and Latin America
(Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 183–84; Gilderhus,
Second Century,
104–5.

55
. Friedman, "There Goes the Neighborhood," 582–83.

56
. Annette Palmer, "The United States in the British Caribbean, 1940–1945: Rum and Coca-Cola,"
Americas
43 (April 1987), 445.

57
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
314–15.

58
. Haines, "Eagle's Wing," 375.

59
. Herring, "Most Unsordid Act Revisited," 18.

60
. Philip Bonsal report, June 24, 1944, Papers of Edward R. Stettinius Jr., Manuscript Division, University of Virginia Library; Haines, "Eagle's Wing," 377–78; Roorda,
Dictator Next Door,
187.

61
. Lloyd N. Beecher Jr., "The Second World War and U.S. Politico-Economic Expansionism: The Case of Liberia, 1938–1945,"
Diplomatic History
3 (Fall 1979), 391–412.

62
. Gaddis Smith,
American Diplomacy During the Second World War
(2nd ed., New York, 1985), 96.

63
. John A. DeNovo,
American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, 1900–1939
(Minneapolis, 1963), 387.

64
. Douglas Little,
American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 10.

65
. Peter L. Hahn,
The United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945–1946: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 18.

66
. Little,
American Orientalism,
48.

67
. Herring, "Experiment in Foreign Aid," 348–52.

68
. Daniel Yergin,
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power
(New York, 1991), 396.

69
. Hahn,
United States, Great Britian, and Egypt,
18.

70
. Robert Vitalis, "The 'New Deal' in Egypt: The Rise of Anglo-American Competition in World War II and the Fall of Neo-colonialism,"
Diplomatic History
20 (Spring 1996), 211–39.