From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (204 page)

45
. Johanna Granville, " 'Caught with Jam on Our Fingers': Radio Free Europe and the Hungarian Uprising of 1956,"
Diplomatic History
29 (November 2005), 811; Immerman,
Dulles,
153–54.

46
. Hixson,
Parting the Curtain,
87–119.

47
.
New York Times,
May 20, 1996.

48
. Hixson,
Parting the Curtain,
110–17; Reinhold Wagnleitner,
Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria After the Cold War
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1994), 210–15.

49
. Immerman,
Dulles,
60.

50
. Tony Judt,
Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945
(New York, 2005), 245.

51
. Rolf Steininger, "John Foster Dulles, the European Defense Community, and the German Question," in Richard H. Immerman, ed.,
John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War
(Princeton, N.J., 1990), 103.

52
. Immerman,
Dulles,
106.

53
. Steininger, "Dulles," 104–7; Judt,
Postwar,
242.

54
. Immerman,
Dulles,
135.

55
. Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev's Cold War,
43.

56
. William Taubman,
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
(New York, 2003), 349–53.

57
. Quoted in Stephen Kinzer,
All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle Eastern Terrorism
(Hoboken, N.J., 2003), 158.

58
. Peter L. Hahn,
Caught in the Middle East: U.S. Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1945–1961
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 195.

59
. Mary Ann Heiss,
Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950–1954
(New York, 1997), 107–34; Kenneth Pollack,
The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America
(New York, 2005), 57–60.

60
. Peter Grose,
Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles
(Boston, 1994), 410.

61
.
New York Times,
April 16, 2000; Pollack,
Persian Puzzle,
64–71.

62
. Douglas Little,
American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 127–30; Hahn,
Caught in the Middle East,
151–54.

63
. Hahn,
Caught in the Middle East,
186.

64
. Immerman,
Dulles,
149.

65
. Peter L. Hahn,
The United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945–1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 213.

66
. Immerman,
Dulles,
152.

67
. Little,
American Orientalism,
172.

68
. Ibid., 176.

69
. Ibid., 177; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in Immerman,
Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War
, 152–58; Hahn,
Caught in the Middle East,
200–209.

70
. Louis, "Suez," 158.

71
. Taubman,
Khrushchev,
359–60.

72
. Douglas Little, "Mission Impossible: The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East,"
Diplomatic History
28 (November 2004), 674–81.

73
. Nathan J. Citino,
From Arab Nationalism to OPEC
(Bloomington, Ind., 2002), 132–45.

74
. Little,
Orientalism,
132; Hahn,
Caught in the Middle East,
225; Immerman,
Dulles,
157.

75
. Little,
Orientalism,
132–36.

76
. Hahn,
Caught in the Middle East,
241.

77
. Immerman,
Dulles,
166.

78
. Little,
Orientalism,
136.

79
. Hahn,
Caught in the Middle East,
293.

80
. Andrew Rotter, "Religion and U.S. South Asian Relations,"
Diplomatic History
24 (Fall 2000), 602–8.

81
. Ilya V. Gaiduk,
Confronting Vietnam: Soviet Policy Toward the Indochina Conflict, 1954–1963
(Stanford, Calif., 2003), 63.

82
. Rotter, "Religion," 609–10.

83
. Robert J. McMahon,
The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan
(New York, 1994), 171.

84
. Ibid., 206.

85
. Ibid., 189–205.

86
. Ibid., 206.

87
. Ibid., 258–71.

88
. Borstelmann,
Cold War and the Color Line,
107.

89
. Cary Fraser, "Crossing the Color Line in Little Rock: The Eisenhower Administration and the Dilemma of Race for U.S. Foreign Policy,"
Diplomatic History
24 (Spring 2000), 241.

90
. Ibid., 247, 250.

91
. Ibid., 258–64; Borstelmann,
Cold War and the Color Line,
122–28.

92
. Stephen G. Rabe, "Dulles, Latin America, and Cold War Anticommunism," in Immerman,
Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War,
163.

93
. Ibid., 172.

94
. Richard H. Immerman,
The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention
(Austin, Tex., 1982) and Piero Gleijeses,
Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944–1954
(Princeton, N.J., 1991) are the standard monographs.

95
.
New York Times,
July 6, 2003.

96
. Ibid., November 30, 2003.

97
. Ibid., March 17, 1999.

98
. Lars Schoultz,
Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
(Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 351.

99
. Rabe, "Latin America," in Immerman,
Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War,
181. The impact of the Nixon visit is analyzed in Marvin R. Zahniser and W. Michael Weis, "A Diplomatic Pearl Harbor? Richard Nixon's Goodwill Visit to Latin America in 1958,"
Diplomatic History
13 (Spring 1989), 163–90.

100
. Shelby Downing Lynn, "An American Playground: Eisenhower's Foreign Economic Policy of Tourism in Cuba and the Downfall of U.S.-Cuban Relations" (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 2006), 15–36.

101
. Thomas G. Paterson,
Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution
(New York, 1994), 15–65.

102
. Ibid., 241–54.

103
. Richard E. Welch Jr.,
Response to Revolution: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, 1959–1961
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985).

104
. Stephen G. Rabe,
Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 124.

105
. Dean Rusk as told to Richard Rusk,
As I Saw It
(New York, 1990), 245.

106
. Paterson,
Contesting Castro,
255–58.

107
. Rabe,
Eisenhower and Latin America,
140–52.

108
. Ibid., 134–69.

109
. Osgood,
Total Cold War,
200.

110
. Robert E. Osgood,
Limited War: The Challenge for U.S. Policy
(Boston, 1957); Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski,
For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America
(New York, 1984), 511–30.

111
. Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev's Cold War,
151.

112
. Chester J. Pach,
The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
(Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 173.

113
. Osgood,
Total Cold War,
336–53.

114
. "A Secret War on the Roof of the World,"
Newsweek,
August 19, 1999, 34–35; John Kenneth Knaus,
Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival
(New York, 2002).

115
. Audrey R. Kahin and George McT. Kahin,
Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia
(New York, 1995), 166–206.

116
. Taubman,
Khrushchev,
392; Robert A. Divine,
Eisenhower and the Cold War
(New York, 1981), 66–70.

117
. Michael Schaller,
Altered States: The United States and Japan Since the Occupation
(New York, 1997), 123.

118
.
New York Times,
October 9, 1994.

119
. Schaller,
Alerted States,
139–41; Walter LaFeber,
The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History
(New York, 1997), 319–20.

120
.
New York Times,
December 12, 1999.

121
. Schaller,
Alerted States,
159.

122
. Taubman,
Khrushchev,
396–97.

123
. Pach,
Eisenhower Presidency,
200.

124
. Taubman,
Khrushchev,
402.

125
. Ibid., 399.

126
. Osgood,
Total Cold War,
199–205; Martha Smith-Norris, "The Eisenhower Administration and the Nuclear Test Ban Talks, 1958–1960: Another Challenge to 'Revisionism,' "
Diplomatic History
27 (September 2003), 509.

127
. Smith-Norris, "Nuclear Test Ban Talks," 535.

128
. Osgood,
Total Cold War,
206–10.

129
. Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev's Cold War,
232.

130
. Ibid., 232–41; Taubman,
Khrushchev,
419–41.

131
. Pach,
Eisenhower Presidency,
219.

132
. Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev's Cold War,
287–91.

133
. Robert A. Divine,
Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1952–1960
(New York, 1974), 218.

134
. Ibid., 283–87.

135
. Leading Eisenhower "revisionists" include Divine,
Eisenhower and the Cold War,
Fred I. Greenstein,
The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader
(New York, 1982), and Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower,
vol. 2,
The President
(New York, 1984).

136
. John Lewis Gaddis,
The Long Peace
:
An Inquiry into the History of the Cold War
(New York, 1987), 216–26, discusses the sources of Cold War stability.

137
. Robert J. McMahon, "Eisenhower and Third World Nationalism: A Critique of the Revisionists,"
Political Science Quarterly
101, no. 3, 453–73; Stephen G. Rabe, "Eisenhower Revisionism: A Decade of Scholarship,"
Diplomatic History
17 (Winter 1993), 97–115.

1
. JFK's inaugural address, January 20, 1961, may be conveniently found at
www.bartleby.com124/pres56.html
.

2
. Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas,
The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made
(New York, 1986), 699.

3
. Robert Dallek,
An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963
(New York, 2003), 370.

4
. David Halberstam,
The Best and the Brightest
(New York, 1972).

5
. David J. Rothkopf,
Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power
(New York, 2004), 84–85, 92–93.

6
. Quoted in John Lewis Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy
(New York, 1982), 251n.