From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (196 page)

112
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
217.

113
. Emily S. Rosenberg, "The Invisible Protectorate: The United States in Liberia, 1909–1940,"
Diplomatic History
9 (Summer 1985), 191–99.

114
. Hunt,
Special Relationship,
210.

115
. LaFeber,
Clash,
95.

116
. Robert D. Schulzinger,
U.S. Diplomacy Since 1900
(5th ed., New York, 2002), 42–43.

117
. Gould,
Roosevelt,
298.

118
. Rubén Darío, "To Roosevelt," in Dennis Merrill and Thomas G. Paterson, eds.,
Major Problems in American Foreign Relations,
vol. 1,
To 1920
(6th ed., Boston, 2005), 405.

1
. Arthur S. Link,
Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917
(New York, 1954), 81.

2
. Thomas J. Knock,
To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order
(New York, 1992), 13.

3
. Kendrick A. Clements,
The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
(Lawrence, Kans., 1992), 1–14.

4
. H. W. Brands, "Woodrow Wilson and the Irony of Fate,"
Diplomatic History
28 (September 2004), 503–12.

5
. Clements,
Wilson Presidency,
93.

6
. Knock,
End All Wars,
11.

7
. Woodrow Wilson, "A Political Essay," October 1, 1900, in Arthur S. Link, ed.,
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson
(69 vols., 1966–94), 12:17–18.

8
. Knock,
End All Wars,
7–8.

9
. Lloyd C. Gardner,
Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923
(New York, 1987), 43–44.

10
. Knock,
End All Wars,
14.

11
. Frederick S. Calhoun,
Power and Principle: Armed Intervention in Wilson's Foreign Policy
(Kent, Ohio, 1986), 13, 17; House Diary, December 18, 1914,
Wilson Papers
27:415; Wilson to Mary Ellen Hulbert, April 4, 1915, ibid. 32:476.

12
. Michael Kazin,
A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan
(New York, 2006), 216–19.

13
. Mobile Speech, October 27, 1913,
Wilson Papers
28:448–52.

14
. Knock,
End All Wars,
22.

15
. Ibid., 39–45, 83–84.

16
. Michael H. Hunt,
Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy
(New Haven, Conn., 1987), 106–8.

17
. Calhoun,
Power and Principle,
23–24.

18
. Michael H. Hunt,
The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914
(New York, 1983), 218–19.

19
. Wilson statement, March 18, 1913,
Wilson Papers
27:194.

20
. Clements,
Wilson Presidency,
108.

21
. Warren I. Cohen,
America's Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations
(New York, 1971), 92.

22
. Wilson to Bryan, April 14, 1915,
Wilson Papers
32:521.

23
. Cohen,
Response to China,
96.

24
. William Bayard Hale to Wilson, July 9, 1913,
Wilson Papers
28:33.

25
. Mobile Speech, October 27, 1913, ibid. 28:448–52.

26
. House Diary, October 30, 1913, ibid. 28:476.

27
. Kazin,
Godly Hero,
228–30.

28
. Lars Schoultz,
Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
(Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 224–29.

29
. Ibid., 229.

30
. Bruce J. Calder,
The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic During the United States Occupation of 1916–1924
(Austin, Tex., 1984), 6–19.

31
. Wilson to Edith Bolling Galt, August 15, 1915,
Wilson Papers
34:209; Hans Schmidt,
The United States Occupation of Haiti
,
1915–1934
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1985), 12–63.

32
. Calder,
Impact of Intervention,
238–47.

33
. Schmidt,
Haiti
, 74, 174–88; Emily S. Rosenberg,
Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900–1930
(Durham, N.C., 2003), 82–84.

34
. Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Capital Ventures and Dime Novels: U.S.-Mexican Relations during the Porifiriano," in Serge Richard, ed.,
An American Empire: Expansionist Cultures and Policies, 1881–1917
(Aix-en-Provence, 1990), 137–49; William Schell Jr., "American Investment in Tropical Mexico: Rubber Plantations, Fraud, and Dollar Diplomacy,"
Business History Review
64 (Summer 1990), 219.

35
. Karl M. Schmitt,
Mexico and the United States, 1821–1973: Conflict and Co-existence
(New York, 1974), 116–26.

36
. William Bayard Hale report, July 9, 1913,
Wilson Papers
28:31.

37
. British Embassy in Washington to Sir Edward Grey, October 14, 1913, ibid., 543.

38
. Peter V. N. Henderson, "Woodrow Wilson, Victoriano Huerta, and the Recognition Issue in Mexico,"
Americas
41 (October 1984), 154, 173.

39
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
243; Wilson to Bryan, September 19, 1913,
Wilson Papers
28:293.

40
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
243.

41
. Wilson to Mary Ellen Hulbert, February 2, 1914,
Wilson Papers
29:211.

42
. Ibid., 245.

43
. Link,
Progressive Era,
122–23.

44
. Clements,
Wilson Presidency,
99.

45
. Robert E. Quirk,
An Affair of Honor: Woodrow Wilson and the Occupation of Vera Cruz
(New York, 1962), 77.

46
. Ibid., 107.

47
. Ibid., 171; Jodi Pettazonni, "The Occupation of Veracruz, Mexico" (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 2000), 57–79.

48
. Wilson to Lindley M. Garrison, August 8, 1914,
Wilson Papers
30:362.

49
. Memorandum by Thomas Beaumont Hohler, October 21, 1915, ibid. 35:98.

50
. Friedrich Katz,
The Secret War in Mexico
(Chicago, 1981), 145.

51
. Friedrich Katz, "Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico,"
American Historical Review
83 (February 1978), 112–17.

52
. Katz,
Secret War,
307.

53
. Ibid.

54
. Katz, "Attack on Columbus," 101.

55
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
249; Linda Hall and Don Coerver, "Woodrow Wilson, Public Opinion, and the Punitive Expedition: A Re-assessment,"
New Mexico Historical Review
72 (April 1997), 171–94.

56
. Calhoun,
Power and Principle,
57.

57
. Wilson conversation with Newton Baker, May 12, 1916,
Wilson Papers
37:36.

58
. Knock,
End All Wars,
82–83.

59
. Hall and Coerver, "Punitive Expedition," 192–94.

60
. Katz, "Attack on Columbus," 130.

61
. Interview, April 27, 1914,
Wilson Papers
29:516.

62
. Clements,
Wilson Presidency,
103.

63
. John Keegan,
The First World War
(New York, 2000), 48–74; Michael Howard,
The First World War
(London, 2003), 18–31.

64
. Keegan,
First World War,
133.

65
. Link,
Progressive Era,
145; Ross Gregory,
The Origins of American Intervention in the First World War
(New York, 1971), 3.

66
. Melvin Small,
Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1994
(Baltimore, Md., 1996), 43.

67
. Wilson to House, August 13, 1914,
Wilson Papers
30:336.

68
. Merle Curti,
American Philanthropy Abroad
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1963), 230–31.

69
. George H. Nash, "An American Epic: Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I,"
Prologue
(Spring 1989), 57–86.

70
. Robert Lansing memorandum, October 23, 1914,
Wilson Papers
31:219.

71
. House to Wilson, May 25, 1915, ibid. 33:254.

72
. Clements,
Wilson Presidency
, 120–21.

73
. House Diary, September 30, 1914,
Wilson Papers
31:109.

74
. Wilson to Bryan, March 25, 1915, ibid. 32:432–33.

75
. Wilson to Bryan, April 3, 1915, ibid. 32:469.

76
. John Milton Cooper Jr., "The Shock of Recognition: The Impact of World War I on America,"
Virginia Quarterly Review
76 (Autumn 2000), 557.

77
. Gregory,
Origins of Intervention
, 63–64.

78
. Ibid., 60–63. The "double wish" is noted in John A. Thompson,
Woodrow Wilson
(London, 2002), 112.

79
. Ernest R. May,
The World War and American Isolation, 1914–1917
(Chicago, 1959), 225–27; Thompson,
Wilson
, 114–17.

80
. Gregory,
Origins of Intervention
, 94–96; Thompson,
Wilson
, 121–22.

81
. Wilson to House, May 16, 1916,
Wilson Papers
37:57–58; July 24, 1916, ibid., 467.

82
. Knock,
End All Wars
, 58.

83
. Jane Addams et al to Wilson, October 29, 1915,
Wilson Papers
35:134.

84
. Knock,
End All Wars
, 90; George C. Herring Jr., "James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy,"
Journal of Southern History
30 (November 1964), 383–404.

85
. Knock,
End All Wars
, 50–58.

86
. Cooper, "Shock of Recognition," 579–81.

87
. Knock,
End All Wars
, 77.

88
. Wilson speeches, October 5, 1916,
Wilson Papers
38:337–38, 347.

89
. "Peace Without Victory" speech, January 22, 1917, ibid. 40:533–39.

90
. Robert H. Zieger,
America's Great War: World War I and the American Experience
(Lanham, Md., 2000), 48.

91
. Knock,
End All Wars
, 107.

92
. My thanks to Thomas Knock for sharing this information with me.

93
. May,
World War
, 404–15.

94
. Franklin Lane to W. Lane, February 5, 1917,
Wilson Papers
41:282.

95
. Katz,
Secret War, 350–78.

96
. Knock,
End All Wars
, 120.

97
. "Wilson War Message," April 2, 1917,
Wilson Papers
41:519–27.

98
. Keegan,
World War I
, 373.

99
. Ibid., 410–11.

100
. "Peace Without Victory" speech, January 27, 1917,
Wilson Papers
40:539.

101
. N. Gordon Levin Jr.,
Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution
(New York, 1968), 61–64.