From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (194 page)

28
. Lars Schoultz,
Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
(Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 119.

29
. Ibid., 124; Welch,
Cleveland,
192; Campbell,
Transformation,
221; LaFeber,
New Empire,
278–83.

30
. Joseph A. Fry, "Phases of Empire: Late Nineteenth-Century U.S. Foreign Relations," in Charles W. Calhoun, ed.,
The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America
(Wilmington, Del., 1996), 277.

31
.
New York Times,
February 15, 1998.

32
. Louis A. Pérez, "The Meaning of the
Maine
: Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish-American War,"
Pacific Historical Review
58 (August 1989), 319–21.

33
. Ernest R. May,
Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power
(New York, 1973), 270, and the commentary in Thomas G. Paterson, "United States Intervention in Cuba, 1898: Interpretations of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War,"
History Teacher
29 (May 1996), 345.

34
. Alistair Hennessey, "The Origins of the Cuban Revolt," in Angel Smith and Emma Dávila-Cox, eds.,
The Crisis of 1898: Colonial Redistribution and Nationalist Mobilization
(New York, 1998), 81–88.

35
. Louis A. Pérez Jr.,
Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902
(Pittsburgh, 1983), 94.

36
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
131.

37
. Hilderbrand,
Power and the People,
23.

38
. Lewis L. Gould,
The Presidency of William McKinley
(Lawrence, Kans., 1980), 63.

39
. Hilderbrand,
Power and the People,
18, 40.

40
. Ibid., 10–11; Gould,
McKinley,
56; Joseph A. Fry, "William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish-American War: A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image,"
Diplomatic History
3 (Winter 1979) 77–97.

41
. Gould,
McKinley,
61–62.

42
. H. Wayne Morgan,
America's Road to Empire: The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion
(New York, 1965), 41–43.

43
. Hyman G. Rickover,
How the Battleship
Maine
Was Destroyed
(Washington, 1976). For the reaction, see May,
Imperial Democracy,
139–47.

44
. John L. Offner,
An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992), 191; Angel Smith, "The People and the Nation: Nationalist Mobilization and the Crisis of 1895–98 in Spain," in Smith and Dávila-Cox,
Crisis of 1898,
164.

45
. Offner,
Unwanted War,
227–28; Pérez,
Cuba Between Empires,
177–78; Louis A. Pérez Jr.,
The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1998), 89.

46
. Gould,
McKinley,
85.

47
. Pérez,
Cuba Between Empires,
188–89.

48
. A good military history is David F. Trask,
The War with Spain in 1898
(New York, 1981).

49
. Walter Millis,
The Martial Spirit
(New York, 1931), 340; Morgan,
Road to Empire,
83.

50
. Gould,
McKinley,
93.

51
. Ibid., 101.

52
. Ibid., 49.

53
. María Dolores Elizalde, "1898: The Coordinates of the Spanish Crisis in the Pacific," in Smith and Dávila-Cox,
Crisis of 1898,
191.

54
. Campbell,
Transformation,
237.

55
. Ibid., 295; Mehmed Ali, "Ho'ohui'aina Palaka Mai'a: Remembering Hawaiian Annexation One Hundred Years Ago,"
Journal of Hawaiian History
32 (1998), 141–54.

56
. Healy,
U.S. Expansionism,
112.

57
. Julius W. Pratt,
Expansionists of 1898
(Chicago, 1964), 274, 277, 287.

58
. Millis,
Martial Spirit,
335–38; Emma Dávila-Cox, "Puerto Rico in the Hispanic-Cuban-American War: Re-assessing 'the Picnic,' " in Smith and Dávila-Cox,
Crisis of 1898,
115–18.

59
. Pratt,
Expansionists of 1898,
330.

60
. Thomas Schoonover,
Uncle Sam's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization
(Lexington, Ky., 2003), 89; Dirk Spennerman, "The United States Annexation of Wake Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean,"
Journal of Pacific History
33 (September 1998), 239–47.

61
. Trask,
War with Spain,
441–42.

62
. Pérez,
War of 1898,
24.

63
. Pérez,
Cuba Between Empires,
197–201; Pérez,
War of 1898,
94–95.

64
. Pérez,
Cuba Between Empires,
218.

65
. Brian Linn,
The Philippine War, 1899–1902
(Lawrence, Kans., 2000), 42–46.

66
. May,
Imperial Democracy,
252–53.

67
. Gould,
McKinley,
136–37.

68
. Robert L. Beisner,
Twelve Against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists, 1898–1900
(New York, 1968), 17.

69
. Ibid., 44, 48.

70
. H. W. Brands,
The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s
(New York, 1998), 330.

71
. Stanley Karnow,
In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines
(New York, 1989), 137.

72
. Beisner,
Twelve Against Empire,
219.

73
. Ibid., 228.

74
. Healy,
U.S. Expansionism,
227.

75
. Pérez,
Cuba Between Empires,
279.

76
. Carmen Diana Deere, "Here Come the Yankees: The Rise and Decline of United States Colonies in Cuba,"
Hispanic American Historical Review
78 (November 1998), 734.

77
. Ibid.

78
. Pérez,
Cuba Between Empires,
327; Ramon Ruiz,
Cuba: The Making of a Revolution
(Amherst, Mass., 1968), 33.

79
. Pérez,
War of 1898,
125; Louis A. Pérez Jr., "Incurring a Debt of Gratitude: 1898 and the Moral Sources of U.S. Hegemony in Cuba,"
American Historical Review
104 (April 1999), 358, 381.

80
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
161; Walter LaFeber,
The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective
(New York, 1979), 18.

81
. Linn,
Philippine War,
30.

82
. Karnow,
In Our Image,
171–77.

83
. Linn,
Philippine War,
223; for a more critical view, see Paul A. Kramer, "Race-Making and Colonial Violence in the U.S. Empire,"
Diplomatic History
30 (April 2006), 169–210.

84
. Kramer, "Race-Making," 189, 197, 201–3.

85
. Glenn Anthony May, "Why the Filipinos Fired High: Popular Participation in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War,"
Biblion
7 (Spring 1999), 87–104.

86
. Linn,
Philippine War,
197.

87
. Schoonover,
War of 1898,
68–77.

88
. Michael H. Hunt,
The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914
(New York, 1983), 143–68.

89
. Warren I. Cohen,
America's Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations
(New York, 1971), 54.

90
. Hunt,
Special Relationship,
162.

91
. Foster Rhea Dulles, "John Hay," in Norman A. Graebner, ed.,
An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century
(New York, 1961), 22–27.

92
. A. Whitney Griswold,
The Far Eastern Policy of the United States
(rev. ed., New Haven, Conn., 1962), 71.

93
. Hunt,
Special Relationship,
187.

94
. Walter LaFeber, "The 'Lion in the Path': The U.S. Emergence as a World Power,"
Political Science Quarterly
101, no. 5 (1986), 714.

95
. Peter Fleming,
The Siege of Peking
(London, 1959), 135–36.

96
. The text is in Ruhl Bartlett, ed.,
The Record of American Diplomacy
(New York, 1950), 413.

97
. George F. Kennan,
American Diplomacy, 1900–1950
(New York, 1952), 23–37.

98
. William A. Williams,
The Tragedy of American Diplomacy
(rev. ed., New York, 1988), 49–57; Thomas J. McCormick,
China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893–1901
(Chicago, 1967).

99
. Cohen,
America's Response to China,
59.

100
. Hunt,
Special Relationship,
182.

101
. Ibid., 152–54.

102
. Sebastian Balfour, "The Impact of War within Spain: Continuity or Crisis?" in Smith and Dávila-Cox,
Crisis of 1898,
102.

103
. "The Ideals of America,"
The Atlantic Monthly
, December, 1902.
www.theatlantic.com/issues/02dec/wilson.htm
.

104
. Gaines Foster, "Coming to Terms with Defeat: Post–Vietnam War America and the Post–Civil War South,"
Virginia Quarterly Review
66 (Winter 1990), 27.

105
. Kennedy,
Great Powers,
248; May,
Imperial Democracy,
221, 239, 264–65.

106
. James D. Richardson, ed.,
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents of the United States
(20 vols., Washington, 1897–1916), 15:662.

1
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
(New York, 1987), 248.

2
. Pedro A. Cabán,
Constructing a Colonial People: Puerto Rico and the United States, 1898–1932
(Boulder, Colo., 1999), 109.

3
. Judy Crichton,
America 1900: The Turning Point
(New York, 1998), 5.

4
. Ibid., 70.

5
. Mark Twain,
Following the Equator
(New York, 1897), quotation taken from
Mark Twain: A Film Directed by Ken Burns
(PBS, 2002), part 2.

6
. Robert J. McMahon, ed.,
Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War
(New York, 1990), 31–32.

7
. Richard H. Collin, "Symbiosis Versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft,"
Diplomatic History
19 (Summer 1995), 493.

8
. Lewis L. Gould,
The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
(Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 36.

9
. Jean Strouse,
Morgan: American Financier
(New York, 1999), 412.

10
. Emily S. Rosenberg,
Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1896–1945
(New York, 1982), 42.

11
. Crichton,
America 1900,
10.

12
. Speech, March 22, 1906, in Arthur S. Link, ed.,
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson
(69 vols., Princeton, N.J., 1966–94), 16:341.

13
. Archibald Cary Coolidge,
The United States as a World Power
(New York, 1912), 7. See also John H. Latané,
America as a World Power
(New York, 1907), Carl Russell Fish,
American Diplomacy
(New York, 1919), and Albert Bushnell Hart,
The Foundations of American Foreign Policy
(New York, 1901).