Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (125 page)

27
. Judith Fenner Gentry, “A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan,”
Journal of Southern History
36 (May 1970): 159, 160; Richard C. Todd,
Confederate Finance
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009 [1954]), 48–51.

28
. Frederick Waymouth Gibbs,
The Foreign Enlistment Act
(London: William Ridgway, 1863), 72 (otherwise 59 George III. c. 69).

29
. James D. Bulloch,
The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe: or, How the Confederate Cruisers Were Equipped
(London: Bentley and Son, 1884), 1:54–58.

30
. C. F. Cross,
Lincoln’s Man in Liverpool: Consul Dudley and the Legal Battle to Stop Confederate Warships
(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2007), 37; Frank J. Merli,
Great Britain and the Confederate Navy, 1861–1865
(Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2004 [1970]), 92–93; Adams to Earl Russell, November 20, 1862, in
Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the First Session of the Thirty-Eighth Congress
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1864), Part I, 5–7.

31
. Jenkins,
Britain and the War for the Union
, 2: 66.

32
. De Leon,
Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy
, 125; Howard Jones,
Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 134. The Palmerston-Russell correspondence is contained in Appendix E of James V. Murfin,
The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee’s Maryland Campaign, September 1862
(New York: T. Yoseloff, 1965), 394, 396–97, 399–400.

33
. Jones,
Union in Peril
, 210–26; Douglas R. Egerton, “Rethinking Atlantic Historiography in a Post-colonial Era: The Civil War in a Global Perspective,”
Journal of the Civil War Era
1 (March 2011): 82–84.

34
. Jones, “History and Mythology: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War,” in
The Union, the Confederacy, and the Atlantic Rim
, ed. Robert E. May (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1995), 33, 43–50; Elizabeth Kelly Gray, “‘Whisper to Him the Word India’: Transatlantic Critics and American Slavery, 1830–1860,”
Journal of the Early Republic
28 (Fall 2008): 403, 405.

35
. John Morley,
The Life of Richard Cobden
(Boston: Roberts Bros., 1881), 560–61, 583; Richard Cobden, “Foreign Policy IX,” November 23, 1864, in
Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, M.P
., eds. J. Bright and J. E. T. Rogers (London: Macmillan, 1880), 490; John Bright, in George Barnett Smith,
The Life and Speeches of the Right Honourable John Bright, M.P
. (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1881), 2:57.

36
. James Barlow to Finney, March 17, 1863, in Finney Papers, Oberlin College Archives.

37
. Charles Francis Adams,
The Crisis of Foreign Intervention in the War of Secession, September-November 1862
(Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1914), 23; Russell, in
Europe Looks at the Civil War
, ed. B. B. Sideman and L. Friedman (New York: Orion Press, 1960), 186.

38
. Bulloch,
Secret Service of the Confederate States
, 2:63–64, 73–74, 76, 83–86; John Bigelow,
France and the Confederate Navy, 1862–1868: An International Episode
(London: S. Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1888), 56; Lynn M. Case and Warren F. Spencer,
The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970), 269–71, 475–77; Wilson,
John Slidell
, 105.

39
. Peyton to Vance, January 15, 1863, in
The Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance
, ed. Joe A. Mobley (Raleigh, NC: State Department of Archives and History, 1995), 2:18.

40
. De Leon,
Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy
, 85.

41
. James Russell Soley,
The Blockade and the Cruisers
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1885), 241–42.

42
. Du Pont to Mrs. Du Pont, April 10–13, 1862, and Du Pont to James Stokes Biddle, December 17, 1861, in
Samuel Francis DuPont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters
, ed. John D. Hayes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969), 1: 281, 413.

43
. Robert M. Browning,
Success Is All That Was Expected: The South Atlantic Blockading Squadron During the Civil War
(Dulles, VA: Brassey’s, 2002), 11; Taaffe,
Commanding Lincoln’s Navy
, 170–71.

44
. William Still, “The Common Sailor: The Civil War’s Uncommon Man,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
23 (February 1985): 38–39.

45
. “How Fortunes Are Made in the Navy,”
The Big Blue Union
[Marysville, KS], December 5, 1863; Canney,
The Old Steam Navy
, 94; Virginia Jeans Laas, “‘Sleepless Sentinels’: The North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1862–1864,”
Civil War History
31 (March 1985): 33; Dudley Taylor Cornish and Virginia Jeans Laas,
Lincoln’s Lee: The Life of Samuel Phillips Lee, United States Navy, 1812–1897
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986), 123.

46
. Brownlow,
Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Secession
, 423.

47
. James Russell Soley, “The Union and Confederate Navies,” in
Battles and Leaders
, 1:631.

48
. Carl D. Park,
Ironclad Down: USS
Merrimack –
CSS
Virginia,
from Construction to Destruction
(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2007), 135–36, 142–43, 160; Raimondo Luraghi,
A History of the Confederate Navy
, trans. Paolo E. Coletta (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1996), 93–99.

49
. Edward Shippen, “Pictures of Two Battles,”
United States Service Magazine
4 (July 1865): 53.

50
. Rodman L. Underwood,
Stephen Russell Mallory: A Biography of the Confederate Navy Secretary and United States Senator
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005), 97–98; Frank M. Bennett,
The Monitor and the Navy Under Steam
(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1900), 102–4; A. A. Hoehling,
Thunder at Hampton Roads: The U.S.S
. Monitor
—Its Battle with the
Merrimack
and Its Recent Discovery
(New York: Da Capo, 1993), 80.

51
. John V. Quarstein,
C.S.S
. Virginia:
Mistress of Hampton Roads
(Appomattox, VA: H. E. Howard, 2000), 108.

52
. William Chapman White and Ruth Morris White,
Tin Can on a Shingle
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1957), 36.

53
. Richard S. West,
Gideon Welles: Lincoln’s Navy Department
(Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1943), 150, 153; Gideon Welles, “The First Iron-Clad Monitor,” in
Annals of the War
, 20; Olav Thulesius,
The Man Who Made the
Monitor:
A Biography of John Ericsson, Naval Engineer
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007), 98; D. K. Brown,
Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development, 1860–1905
(London: Chatham, 1997), 41; Quarstein,
C.S.S
. Virginia, 105.

54
. “Report of Captain Van Brunt, U.S. Navy, Commanding U.S.S.
Minnesota
,” in
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies
, Series One (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1880), 7:11; John Taylor Wood, “The First Fight of the Iron-Clads,” in
Battles and Leaders
, 1:702–3; Quarstein,
C.S.S
. Virginia, 115.

55
. William N. Still,
Iron Afloat: The Story of the Confederate Armorclads
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1985), 41–61.

56
. William T. Glassell, “Reminiscences of Torpedo Service in Charleston Harbor,”
Southern Historical Society Papers
4 (November 1877): 231–32; John Thomas Scharf,
History of the Confederate States Navy: From Its Organization to the Surrender of Its Last Vessel
(New York: Rogers and Sherwood, 1887), 759; Charles Ross,
Trial by Fire: Science, Technology and the Civil War
(Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 2000), 83–106; Mark K. Ragan,
Submarine Warfare in the Civil War
(Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002), 187–210.

57
. David W. Shaw,
Sea Wolf of the Confederacy: The Daring Civil War Raids of Naval Lt. Charles W. Read
(New York: Free Press, 2004), 56–57; Emma Martin Maffitt,
The Life and Services of John Newland Maffitt
(New York: Neale, 1906), 343.

58
. Raphael Semmes,
The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter from the Private Journals and Other Papers of Commander R. Semmes
(London: Saunders, Otley, 1864), 1:257–62.

59
. Warren F. Spencer,
Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997), 112–36; Raphael Semmes,
Memoirs of Service Afloat, During the War Between the States
(Baltimore: Kelly, Piet, 1869), 344–45; Charles Grayson Summersell,
CSS
Alabama:
Builder, Captain, and Plans
(University: University of Alabama Press, 1985), 12, 72, 74, 78–90; John McIntosh Kell, “Cruise and Combats of the ‘Alabama,’” in
Battles and Leaders
, 4:600, 611.

60
. Kenneth J. Blume, “The Flight from the Flag: The American Government, the British Caribbean, and the American Merchant Marine, 1861–1865,”
Civil War History
32 (March 1986): 44–55; Brown,
Warrior to Dreadnought
, 18; H. H. Wilson,
Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare from 1855 to 1895
(London: S. Low, Marston, 1896), 168.

61
. Wise,
Lifeline of the Confederacy
, 69–70.

62
. Lt. Warneford,
Running the Blockade
(London: Ward and Lock, 1863), 1.

63
. Thomas E. Taylor,
Running the Blockade: A Personal Narrative of Adventures, Risks, and Escapes During the American Civil War
(London: J. Murray, 1896), 18. Robert B. Ekelund Jr. and Mark Thornton dubbed this trend “the Rhett Butler effect,” after the self-centered blockade-running hero of Margaret Mitchell’s
Gone with the Wind
; see their “The Union Blockade and Demoralization of the South: Relative Prices in the Confederacy,”
Social Science Quarterly
73 (December 1992): 891–900.

64
. “An Act to Prohibit the Importation of Luxuries, or of Articles Not Necessaries or of Common Use,” February 6, 1864, in
Public Laws of the Confederate States of America, Passed at the Fourth Session of the First Congress, 1863–4
, ed. James M. Mathews (Richmond: R. M. Smith, 1864), 179.

65
. Wise,
Lifeline of the Confederacy
, 221; Joseph McKenna,
British Ships in the Confederate Navy
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010), 210, 213.

66
. Lance Edwin Davis and Stanley L. Engerman,
Naval Blockades in Peace and War: An Economic History Since 1750
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 146; David G. Surdam,
Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 5–6, 155.

67
. Paul P. Van Riper and Keith A. Sutherland, “The Northern Civil Service: 1861–1865,”
Civil War History
11 (December 1965): 351; Weigley,
Quartermaster General of the Union Army
, 224; Elizabeth M. Geffen, “Industrial Development and Social Crisis, 1841–1854” and Russell F. Weigley, “The Border City in the Civil War, 1854–1865,” in
Philadelphia: A 300-Year History
, ed. Russell F. Weigley (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 317, 373; Ernest A. McKay,
The Civil War and New York City
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990), 217.

68
. Olmsted to H. W. Bellows, September 29, 1861, and to Oliver Wolcott Gibbs, January 31, 1863, in
The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted: Volume IV, Defending the Union
, ed. Jane Turner Censer (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 210, 505.

69
.
The Military Memoirs of General John Pope
, 115; George S. Bryan,
The Great American Myth
(New York: Carrick and Evans, 1940), 129–30.

70
. Fletcher Pratt,
Stanton, Lincoln’s Secretary of War
(New York: Norton, 1953), 62.

71
. Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold Hyman,
Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War
(New York: Knopf, 1962), 63–66, 141–68; Ethan Rafuse,
McClellan’s War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 177; A. Howard Meneely,
The War Department, 1861: A Study in Mobilization and Administration
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1928), 318.

72
. Charles A. Dana,
Recollections of the Civil War with the Leaders at Washington and in the Field in the Sixties
(New York: D. Appleton, 1898), 187.

73
. Hagerman,
The American Civil War and the Origins of Modern Warfare
, 45; Weigley,
Quartermaster General of the Union Army
, 234–35, 268–69; “Interrogatories to Edwin D. Morgan,” in
Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Eighty-Fifth Session, 1862
(Albany, NY: Charles van Benthuysen, 1862), 2:168–69.

74
. Mark R. Wilson,
The Business of War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 12–13, 78.

75
. Weigley,
Quartermaster General of the Union Army
, 317, 358; Hattaway and Jones,
How the North Won
, 120–24.

76
. Bruce,
Lincoln and the Tools of War
, 48–49, 61, 252.