Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (132 page)

93
. Grace Palladino,
Another Civil War: Labor, Capital, and the State in the Anthracite Regions of Pennsylvania, 1840–1868
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 124–35; Barnet Schecter,
The Devil’s Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America
(New York: Walker Publishing, 2005), 19.

94
. “To Francis P. Blair,” July 22, 1864, in
Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan
, 584.

95
. “To the Democratic Nomination Committee,” September 4, 1864, in
Civil War Papers
, 591.

96
. Lincoln, “Memorandum Concerning His Probable Failure of Re-election,”
Collected Works
, 7:514.

97
. J. G. Nicolay and John Hay,
Abraham Lincoln: A History
(New York: Century, 1890), 9:218; Charles B. Flood,
1864: Lincoln at the Gates of History
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 261; “Before My Own Conscience,” in Lincoln,
Conversations with Lincoln
, ed. Charles M. Segal (New York: Putnam, 1961), 359; McClure,
Lincoln and Men of War-Times
, 124, 203.

98
. George Templeton Strong, diary entry for September 8, 1864, in
Diary of the Civil War
, 483; Thomas S. Mach,
“Gentleman George” Hunt Pendleton: Party Politics and Ideological Identity in Nineteenth-Century America
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2007), 105.

99
. McClellan to Allan Pinkerton, October 20, 1864, in
Civil War Papers
, 591, 615.

100
.
Tribune Almanac and Political Register for 1865
(New York: Tribune Association, 1865), 67; James M. McPherson,
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 176; Kreiser,
Defeating Lee
, 216–17.

1
. Herndon, “Lincoln’s Superstition,” in
The Hidden Lincoln
, 409–10; Lloyd Lewis,
Myths After Lincoln
(New York: Readers Club, 1941), 289–98; Carpenter,
Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln
, 163–65.

2
. Lincoln, “To Mary Todd Lincoln,” June 9, 1863, in
Collected Works
, 6:256; D. T. Lamon,
Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 1847–1865
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994 [1895]), 115–17; James Rollins, in
Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln
, 384.

3
. Donald,
Lincoln
, 594; Thomas and Hyman,
Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War
, 319, 393–401.

4
. LeGrand B. Cannon, in
Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln
, 78; Welles, diary entry for April 14, 1865, in
Diary of Gideon Welles
, 2:282–83.

5
. Horace Porter, “Lincoln and Grant,”
Century Magazine
30 (October 1885): 956;
The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant)
, ed. John Y. Simon (New York: Putnam, 1975), 155–56.

6
. Lee to Seddon, January 11, 1865, and January 27, 1865, in
The Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 881, 886.

7
. Mrs. Roger A. Pryor,
Reminiscences of Peace and War
(New York: Macmillan, 1904), 267.

8
. Edward Porter Alexander,
Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander
, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press), 508–9; Michael Fellman,
The Making of Robert E. Lee
(New York: Random House, 2000), 172–75; Scott Nelson and Carol Sheriff,
A People at War
, 274–77.

9
. William Livermore to “Friend Abbie,” February 26, 1865, “20th Maine Infantry,” in Gettysburg National Military Park Vertical Files, #6-ME20; Lee to Longstreet, and Lee to Cooper, February 25, 1865, in
The War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 46:1258; Douglas Southall,
Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1942–44), 3:623–24; Bruce Catton,
A Stillness at Appomattox
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1953), 330; George G. Meade to Margaretta Meade, March 4, 1865, in George G. Meade Papers, Box 1/Folder 4, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Gorgas, diary entry for January 25, 1865, in
The Journals of Josiah Gorgas
, 149.

10
. Symonds,
Joseph E. Johnston
, 344.

11
. Glatthaar,
The March to the Sea and Beyond
, 79, 142; James M. Merrill,
William Tecumseh Sherman
(Chicago: Rand McNally, 1971), 283.

12
. Lincoln, “Speech in United States House of Representatives on Internal Improvements,” June 20, 1848, and “To Stephen A. Hurlbut,” July 31, 1863, in
Collected Works
, 1:488, 6:358.

13
. Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 6, 1864, in
Collected Works
, 8:149.

14
. Rollins, in Fehrenbacher, ed.,
Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln
, 384; John Alley, in Allen Thorndike Rice, ed.,
Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time
(New York: North American, 1886), 585–86; Trefousse,
The Radical Republicans
, 298–300; Blight,
Frederick Douglass’ Civil War
, 186.

15
. Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1865, in
Collected Works
, 8:333.

16
. Lincoln, in
Recollected Words
, 15, 38; Lincoln, “Last Public Address,” April 11, 1865, in
Collected Works
, 8:403.

17
. William T. Sherman,
Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman
, 810–13. Gideon Welles said that Lincoln accompanied his injunction to “frighten” the Confederate leaders “out of the country, open the gates, let down the bars, scare them off” with a gesture that reminded Welles of someone “shooing sheep out of a lot”; see Welles, “Lincoln and Johnson,” in
Civil War and Reconstruction
, 191.

18
. Stephens,
A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States
, 2:598–616; William C. Harris,
Lincoln’s Last Months
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 115–21; Robert M. T. Hunter, “The Peace Commission of 1865” (1877), in
The New Annals of the Civil War
, eds. Peter Cozzens and R. I. Girardi (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2004), 495–98; Reagan,
Memoirs
, 166–79.

19
. Lincoln, “To John A. Campbell,” April 5, 1865, and “To Godfrey Weitzel,” April 12, 1865, in
Collected Works
, 8:386, 406–7.

20
. George G. Meade to Margaretta Meade, March 4, 1865, in George G. Meade Papers, Box 1/Folder 4, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

21
. A. Wilson Greene,
The Final Battles of the Petersburg Campaign: Breaking the Backbone of the Rebellion
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2008), 112–25, 294–309; Earl J. Hess,
In the Trenches at Petersburg: Field Fortifications and Confederate Defeat
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2009), 245–79.

22
. Lee to John C. Breckinridge, February 21, 1865, and to James Longstreet, February 22, 1865, in
Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee
, 906, 908; Michael Ballard,
A Long Shadow: Jefferson Davis and the Final Days of the Confederacy
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 44, 46; Ernest B. Furgurson,
Ashes of Glory: Richmond at War
(New York: Knopf, 1996), 333, 336–37.

23
. William Marvel,
Lee’s Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 50–51.

24
. Pollard,
The Lost Cause
, 704.

25
. Young, in Thomas Nelson Page, “Robert E. Lee: Man and Soldier,” in
The Novels, Stories, Sketches and Poems of Thomas Nelson Page
(New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1912), 18:224; Philip H. Sheridan, “The Last Days of the Rebellion,” in
Battles and Leaders
, ed. Cozzens, 6:526–35; Greg Eames,
Black Day of the Army: The Battles of Sailor’s Creek
(Burkeville, VA: E. & H. Pubs., 2001), 166; Chris Calkins,
The Battles of Appomattox Station and Appomattox Court House, April 8–9, 1865
(Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1987), 25–30; Henry E. Tremaine,
Sailors’ Creek to Appomattox Court House, 7th, 8th, 9th April, 1865, or, The Last Hours of Sheridan’s Cavalry
(New York: C. H. Ludwig, 1885), 34–38.

26
. Thomas C. Devin, “Didn’t We Fight Splendid,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
17 (December 1978): 38.

27
. Marvel,
Lee’s Last Retreat
, 167–71; John S. Wise,
The End of an Era
(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1901), 429; J. H. Claiborne, “Last Days of Lee and His Paladins,” in
War-Talks of Confederate Veterans
, ed. G. S. Bernard (Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 2003 [1892]), 256.

28
. “Report of Lieut. Gen. U.S. Grant,” July 22, 1865, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 34(I):56; Chris Calkins,
The Appomattox Campaign, March 29–April 9, 1865
(Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1997), 169–77; Ulysses S. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” 735–41; Charles Marshall,
Appomattox: An Address Delivered Before the Society of the Army and Navy of the Confederate States
(Baltimore: Guggenheimer, Weil, 1894), 19–21, and “Occurrences at Lee’s Surrender,”
Confederate Veteran
, February 1894, 42.

29
. Horace Porter,
Campaigning with Grant
(New York: Century, 1907), 472–85.

30
. Mills,
History of the 16th North Carolina Regiment
, 68.

31
. Glatthaar,
General Lee’s Army
, 461–71.

32
. Frank P. Cauble,
The Surrender Proceedings, April 9, 1865, Appomattox Court House
(Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1987), 93–100; Chamberlain,
The Passing of the Armies: An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of the Potomac, Based upon Personal Reminiscences of the Fifth Army Corps
(Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1982 [1915]), 261; Chamberlain to Sara Brastow, April 13, 1865, in
Through Blood and Fire: Selected Civil War Papers of Major General Joshua Chamberlain
, ed. Mark Nesbitt (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1996), 178–79.

33
. Sherman to Grant, March 22, 1865, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 47 (II):950.

34
. Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes,
Bentonville: The Final Battle of Sherman and Johnston
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 216; Johnston,
Narrative of Military Operations … During the Late War Between the States
(New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 398–400.

35
. F. Milton Willis,
Fort Sumter Memorial: The Fall of Fort Sumter, A Contemporary Sketch
(New York: Edwin C. Hill, 1915), 35–45.

36
. Julia Adeline Shepherd, April 16, 1865, in
We Saw Lincoln Shot: One Hundred Eyewitness Accounts
, ed. Timothy S. Good (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995), 55–56; Harold Holzer, “Eyewitnesses Remember the ‘Fearful Night,’”
Civil War Times Illustrated
32 (March/April 1993): 14.

37
. Edward Steers,
Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
(Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2001), 116; Michael W. Kauffman,
American Brutus: John Wilkes Booth and the Lincoln Conspiracies
(New York: Random House, 2005), 225.

38
. William Hanchett,
The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 53–54.

39
. “Major Rathbone’s Affidavit,” in John Edward Buckingham,
Reminiscences and Souvenirs of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
(Washington, DC: R. H. Darby, 1894), 75–76; Knox, in “Eyewitnesses Remember the ‘Fearful Night,’” 14.

40
. John Hay and John George Nicolay, “The Fourteenth of April,”
Century Magazine
39 (January 1890): 436; Charles S. Taft, “Abraham Lincoln’s Last Hours,”
Century Magazine
45 (February 1893): 635; James Tanner to Henry F. Walch, April 17, 1865, in Howard H. Peck, “James Tanner’s Account of Lincoln’s Death,”
Abraham Lincoln Quarterly
2 (December 1942): 179; Bryan,
The Great American Myth
, 189.

41
. Chase, diary entry for April 15, 1865, in
Inside Lincoln’s Cabinet: The Civil War Diaries of Salmon P. Chase
, ed. David H. Donald (New York: Longmans, Green, 1954), 267–68.

42
. Fehrenbacher,
The Dred Scott Case
, 69–70; Michael Vorenberg, “Reconstruction as a Constitutional Crisis,” in
Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States
, ed. Thomas J. Brown (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 167–68.

43
. “Interview with a Colored Delegation respecting Suffrage,” February 7, 1866, in
The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction (From April 15, 1865, to July 15, 1870)
, ed. Edward McPherson (Washington, DC: Solomons & Chapman, 1875), 55; Heather Cox Richardson,
Westward from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America after the Civil War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 52; Kenneth Stampp,
The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877
(New York: Knopf, 1965), 96; Garrett Epps,
Democracy Reborn: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Fight for Civil Rights in Post–Civil War America
(New York: H. Holt, 2006), 32–33.

44
. Phillips, in
The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 1861–1870
, ed. Harold Hyman (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967), 480, 483; Stevens, “Reconstruction,” September 6, 1865, in
Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens
, 23; Peyton McCrary, “The Party of Revolution: Republican Ideas About Politics and Social Change, 1862–1867,”
Civil War History
30 (December 1984): 330–50; “Desperation and Colonization,”
Continental Monthly
1 (June 1862), 664.