Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (131 page)

37
. William H. Powell, “The Battle of the Petersburg Crater,” in
Battles and Leaders
, 4:551; 40–41; Michael A. Cavanaugh and William Marvel,
The Petersburg Campaign—The Battle of the Crater “The Horrid Pit,” June 25–August 6, 1864
(Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1989), 40–41; Richard Slotkin,
No Quarter: The Battle of the Crater, 1864
(New York: Random House, 2009), 140–42; Grant to Halleck, August 1, 1864,
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 40(1):17–18.

38
. John F. Marszalek,
Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order
(New York: Free Press, 1993), 119.

39
. Sherman to Thomas Ewing, December 23, 1859, in
General W. T. Sherman as College President
, ed. Walter L. Fleming (Cleveland: Arthur M. Clark, 1912), 89.

40
. Mark Wells Johnson,
That Body of Brave Men: The U.S. Regular Infantry and the Civil War in the West
(Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), 12.

41
. Sherman to John Sherman, October 26, 1861, in
Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860–1865
, ed. Brooks Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 163; Lee Kennett,
Sherman: A Soldier’s Life
(New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 144; David J. Eicher,
The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001), 148.

42
. Charles Bracelen Flood,
Grant and Sherman: The Friendship That Won the Civil War
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 109.

43
. Dana,
Recollections of the Civil War
, 76.

44
. Sherman,
Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman
, 365.

45
. Sherman to Grant, March 10, 1864, in “General Sherman’s Reply,”
Littell’s Living Age
87 (October 28, 1865): 189; Lloyd Lewis,
Sherman: Fighting Prophet
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1932), 307–8, 330.

46
.
Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman
, 1037.

47
. James L. Huston, “Putting African-Americans in the Center of American National Discourse: The Strange Fate of Popular Sovereignty,” in
Politics and Culture of the Civil War Era: Essays in Honor of Robert W. Johannsen
, ed. Daniel J. McDonough and Kenneth W. Noe (Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 2006), 113.

48
. Jacob Dolson Cox,
Atlanta
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1882), 21; David Conyngham,
Sherman’s March Through the South, with Sketches and Incidents of the Campaign
(New York: Sheldon, 1865), 29–30.

49
. Cater,
As It Was: Reminiscences of a Soldier of the Third Texas Cavalry and the Nineteenth Louisiana Infantry
, 169, 178–79.

50
. Stanley F. Horn,
The Army of Tennessee
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1944), 311–13; Craig L. Symonds,
Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 249–50; Winston Groom,
Shrouds of Glory: From Atlanta to Nashville: The Last Great Campaign of the Civil War
(New York: Grove Press, 1995), 17.

51
. Steven E. Woodworth,
Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865
(New York: Knopf, 2005), 522–26.

52
. Sherman to Halleck, July 16, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 38(V):150; Thomas W. Duncan,
Recollections of Thomas D. Duncan, A Confederate Soldier
(Nashville, TN: McQuiddy, 1922), 150.

53
. Archer Jones,
Civil War Command and Strategy
(New York: Free Press, 1992), 201–2; Lewis,
Sherman: Fighting Prophet
, 383; Brian Craig Miller,
John Bell Hood and the Fight for Civil War Memory
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2010), 111–22; Cater,
As It Was
, 183–84, 185.

54
. Richard M. McMurry,
John Bell Hood and the War for Southern Independence
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), 127–34; Richard M. McMurry,
Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 150–57; Philip L. Secrist,
Sherman’s 1864 Trail of Battle to Atlanta
(Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2006), 145–48.

55
. Hood to Seddon, August 26, 1864, F. A. Shoup to William Hardee, August 31, 1864, and Sherman to Halleck, September 3, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 38(V):777, 990, 1007; Marc Wortman,
The Bonfire: The Siege and Burning of Atlanta
(New York: Public Affairs, 2009), 301–10.

56
. Farragut was probably not quite so concise; his response was more likely, “Damn the torpedoes! Four bells, Captain Dayton. Go ahead, Jouett, full speed.” See Craig L. Symonds,
The Civil War at Sea
(Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2009), 154.

57
. Foxhall A. Parker,
The Battle of Mobile Bay and the Capture of Forts Powell, Gaines and Morgan
(Boston: A. Williams, 1878), 26, 29.

58
. Sherman to Grant, September 20, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 39(11):412.

59
. Sherman to Grant, November 6, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 39(II):660; Marszalek,
Commander of All Lincoln’s Armies
, 295; Lewis,
Fighting Prophet
, 431.

60
. Sherman to Grant, October 9, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 39(11):162; Sherman,
Memoirs
, 627; Lewis,
Fighting Prophet
, 430; Noah Andre Trudeau,
Southern Storm: Sherman’s March to the Sea
(New York: Harper, 2008), 42.

61
. “Special Field Orders No. 120,” November 8, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 39(11): 713; Mark Grimsley,
The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Toward Southern Civilians, 1861–1865
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 169; Sherman to Lincoln, December 22, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 44:783.

62
. Burke Davis,
Sherman’s March
(New York: Random House, 1980), 12, 24, 31, 118; Glatthaar,
The March to the Sea and Beyond
, 130; Hattaway and Jones,
How the North Won
, 654; “Sherman’s Campaign,” in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1866), 9:7.

63
. John Bell Hood,
Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies
(New Orleans: Hood Orphan Memorial Fund, 1880), 244.

64
. Jacob Dolson Cox,
The Battle of Franklin, Tennessee, November 30, 1864
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1897), 89–91, 211–14.

65
. Grant to Thomas, December 11, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 45(11):143; James Lee McDonough,
Nashville: The Western Confederacy’s Final Gamble
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2004), 264; Connelly,
Autumn of Glory
, 513.

66
. Steven Bernstein,
The Confederacy’s Last Northern Off ensive: Jubal Early, the Army of the Valley, and the Raid on Washington
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011), 106; Benjamin Shroder Schneck,
The Burning of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
(Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1864), 16.

67
. McClure,
Lincoln and Men of War-Times
, 132.

68
. William Frank Zornow,
Lincoln and the Party Divided
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954), 49–50.

69
. Burton J. Hendrick,
Lincoln’s War Cabinet
(New York: Little, Brown, 1946), 486–87; Frederick J. Blue,
Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987), 223–25; McClure,
Lincoln and Men of War-Times
, 134.

70
. John Niven,
Salmon P. Chase: A Biography
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 366; David H. Donald,
Lincoln
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 508; Lincoln, “To Salmon P. Chase,” June 30, 1864, in
Collected Works
, 7:419.

71
.
Tribune Almanac for 1864
(New York: Tribune Association, 1864), 24.

72
. Ben Perley Poore,
Perley’s Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis
(Philadelphia: Hubbard Bros., 1886), 1:538; Allan G. Bogue,
The Earnest Men: Republicans of the Civil War Senate
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981), 97–98, 109–10, 130.

73
. Henry Wilson,
History of the Antislavery Measures of the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth United-States Congresses, 1861–64
(Boston: Walker, Wise, 1864), 65, 222–23, 292, 376.

74
. Wade to Zachariah Chandler, September 23 and October 8, 1861, in Zachariah Chandler Papers, Library of Congress; Wade, “Property in Territories,” March 7, 1860,
Congressional Globe
, 36th Congress, 1st Session (Appendix), 154.

75
. Hans L. Trefousse,
The Radical Republicans: Lincoln’s Vanguard for Racial Justice
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 4–16; Wilson,
History of the Anti-Slavery Measures
, 377; Herman Belz,
Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War
(New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), 101–3; Bogue,
The Earnest Men
, 229.

76
. Lincoln, “Speech at Worcester,” September 12, 1848, in
Collected Works
, 2:2–3;
The Diary of Edward Bates
, 333; Lincoln to John B. Henderson, in Walter B. Stevens,
A Reporter’s Lincoln
, ed. Michael Burlingame (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 170–73.

77
. Garrison to Helen E. Garrison, June 11, 1864, in
Letters of William Lloyd Garrison
, vol. V:
Let the Oppressed Go Free, 1861–1867
, ed. W. M. Merrill (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 212; Hans L. Trefousse, “Owen Lovejoy and Abraham Lincoln During the Civil War,”
Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association
22 (Winter 2001): 31; John Hay, diary entry for October 28, 1863, in
Inside Lincoln’s White House
, 101; Allan G. Bogue,
The Congressman’s Civil War
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 43.

78
. “Military Disasters,” December 9, 1861,
Congressional Globe
, 37th Congress, 1st session, 31; Tap,
Over Lincoln’s Shoulder
, 21–24, 165–66; Sears,
Controversies and Commanders
, 33–46.

79
. Bogue,
The Congressman’s Civil War
, 101–3.

80
. Edwin M. Stanton to Andrew Johnson, March 3, 1862, in
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, at the First Session, Thirty-Ninth Congress
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1866), 5; Edwin M. Stanton to Edward Stanly, May 20, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 9:397; William C. Harris,
With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997), 40, 59–71, 78–81, 84.

81
. “Proclamation of Amnesty,” December 8, 1863, in McPherson, ed.,
Political History of the Rebellion
, 147–48.

82
. LaWanda Cox,
Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), 72–74; Joseph G. Dawson,
Army Generals and Reconstruction: Louisiana, 1862–1877
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 16–23; Edward L. Pierce,
Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner
(Boston: Roberts Bros., 1893), 4:214–23.

83
. “An Act to Guarantee to Certain States Whose Governments Have Been Usurped or Overthrown a Republican Form of Government,” in
The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 1861–1870
, ed. Harold Hyman (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967), 128–34; “Rebellious States,” May 4, 1864, and “Reconstruction Bill,” July 2, 1864,
Congressional Globe
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 2108, 3491.

84
. “Bill for Reconstruction,” in McPherson, ed.,
Political History
, 316–18; “Protest of Sen. Wade and H. W. Davis, M.C.,” in
The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1864
(New York: Appleton, 1865), 307–10.

85
. Wilson,
History of the Anti-Slavery Measures
, 203–17; “An Act to Amend the Act Calling Forth the Militia,” July 17, 1862, in
Statutes at Large
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 597–600.

86
. Miller,
The Training of an Army
, 106.

87
. Clarence D. Long,
Wages and Earnings in the United States, 1860–1890
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960), 14–15.

88
. James W. Geary,
We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War
(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991), 32–48.

89
. Douglas R. Harper,
“If Thee Must Fight”: A Civil War History of Chester County, Pennsylvania
(West Chester, PA: Chester County Historical Society, 1990), 204.

90
. Geary,
We Need Men
, 54–63, 67–70, 83–84.

91
. Eugene Converse Murdock,
Patriotism Limited, 1862–1865: The Civil War Draft and the Bounty System
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1967), 211; Tyler Anbinder, “Which Poor Man’s Fight? Immigrants and the Federal Conscription of 1863,”
Civil War History
52 (December 2006): 372.

92
. Ernest A. McKay,
The Civil War and New York City
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990), 197–212; Iver Bernstein,
The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 7–14; A. Hunter Dupree and Leslie H. Fishel, “An Eyewitness Account of the New York Draft Riots, July 1863,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
47 (December 1960): 476–77.