Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (128 page)

90
. John Christopher Schwab,
The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865: A Financial and Industrial History of the South During the Civil War
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1901), 202–8; Emory Thomas,
The Confederate Nation, 1861–1865
(New York: Harper and Row, 1979), 198; Neely,
Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation
, 319–20.

91
. William A. Smith to Zebulon Vance, January 3, 1863, in
Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance
, 2:3; Wilfred Buck Yearns, “Florida,” in
The Confederate Governors
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985), 36, 68.

92
. Gregory P. Downs,
Declarations of Dependence: The Long Reconstruction of Popular Politics in the South, 1861–1908
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 35; John B. Jones,
A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary
, ed. E. S. Miers (New York: Sagamore Press, 1958), 309, 316, 345, 349; “Inflation Grips the South: Luther Swank Reports from a Field Hospital,” ed. Horace Mathews,
Civil War Times Illustrated
22 (March 1983): 46.

93
. Pickett to D. H. Maury, December 10, 1861, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 5:991–92; Richard N. Current,
Lincoln’s Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992), 195–97.

94
. Vance to James A. Seddon, January 5, 1863, and L. S. Fash to Vance, June 1, 1863, in
Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance
, 2:5, 180.

95
. Philip S. Paludan,
Victims: A True Story of the Civil War
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1981), 84–98; Mark E. Neely,
Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), 18–22.

96
. Seddon to Vance, May 23, 1863, in
Papers of Zebulon Vance
, 2:167; Lesley J. Gordon,
General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 130–34; Victoria E. Bynum,
The Free State of Jones: Mississippi’s Longest Civil War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 115–21.

97
. “Letter of Alexander Stephens on State Sovereignty,” September 22, 1864, in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1868), 11:182–84; Steven E. Woodworth, “The Last Function of Government: Confederate Collapse and Negotiated Peace,” in
The Collapse of the Confederacy
, eds. Mark Grimsley and Brooks Simpson (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 23; Escott,
After Secession
, 155.

98
. Davis, “To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States,” December 7, 1863, in
Messages and Papers
, 1:366, 369, 371; “Secret Session,” February 1 and February 17, 1864, in
Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865
, 3:648–53, 797; Gary W. Gallagher,
The Confederate War: How Popular Will, Nationalism, and Military Strategy Could Not Stave Off Defeat
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 28–29; Eicher,
Dixie Betrayed
, 142; Vance to Gabriel J. Rains, March 31, 1863, in
Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance
, 2:102.

99
. Davis, “To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States,” November 7, 1864, in
Messages and Papers
, 1:495.

100
. Pfanz,
Richard S. Ewell
, 139; Howell and Elizabeth Purdue,
Pat Cleburne: Confederate General
(Hillsboro, TX: Hill Jr. College Press, 1973), 267; O. G. Eiland to Davis, July 20, 1863, in
Freedom’s Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War
, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 103–4.

101
. Beringer,
Why the South Lost the Civil War
, 384–85; Michael Fellman,
The Making of Robert E. Lee
(New York: Random House, 2000), 215.

102
. “Open Session,” March 8, 1865, in
Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), 4:670; Bruce Levine,
Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves During the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 118.

103
. George Ward Nichols,
The Story of the Great March from the Diary of a Staff Officer
(New York: Harper, 1865), 59; “A Colored Man,” September 1863, in
Freedom’s Soldiers
, 110; Mohr,
On the Threshold of Freedom
, 288–89.

104
. Gallagher,
The Confederate War
, 87, 140, 157, 163, 172; Anne Sarah Rubin,
A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861–1868
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 102–11, 138, 141, 153, 163, 246–48.

1
. Willard Glazier,
The Capture, the Prison Pen, and the Escape: Giving a Complete History of Prison Life in the South
(Hartford, CT: H. E. Goodwin, 1867), 38.

2
. John Algernon Owens,
Sword and Pen: or, Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier in War and Literature
(Philadelphia: P. W. Ziegler, 1889), 222.

3
. Glazier,
The Capture, the Prison Pen, and the Escape
, 287–306.

4
. Frederick J. Blue,
Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987), 83–84; LaWanda Cox, “The Perception of Injustice and Race Policy: James F. McGogy and the Freedmen’s Bureau in Alabama,” in
Freedom, Racism, and Reconstruction: Collected Writings of LaWanda Cox
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 183; Lincoln, “Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes,” in
Collected Works
, 5: 371–72.

5
.
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975), 1:8–15; Alfred M. Green, in
The Negro’s Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted during the War for the Union
, ed. James M. McPherson (New York: Pantheon, 1965), 32–33; Wilson, in Mia Bay,
The White Image in the Black Mind: African American Ideas About White People
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 76.

6
. “Northern Black Sergeant to the Headquarters of the Department of the South,” October 15, 1864, in
Freedom, A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867: Series Two, The Black Military Experience
, Ira Berlin et al., eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 342.

7
. Dudley Taylor Cornish,
The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865
(New York: Long-mans, Green, 1956), 185; David W. McCullough,
Brooklyn—and How It Got That Way
(New York: Dial Press, 1983), 35–36; Paul A. Gilje,
Rioting in America
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996), 91; Joseph T. Glatthaar,
Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers
(New York: Free Press, 1990), 191–96.

8
. “General Orders No. 60,” August 26, 1862, in
The War of the Rebellion
, Series Two, 4:857; “General Orders No. 111,” in
Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy
, 1:274; Gregory J. W. Urwin,
Black Flag over Dixie: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in the Civil War
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004), 41–42, 166; Kirby-Smith to Taylor, June 13, 1863, in
Report on the Treatment of Prisoners of War by the Rebel Authorities During the War of the Rebellion
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1869), 641; Richard Reid,
Freedom for Themselves: North Carolina’s Black Soldiers in the Civil War Era
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 94–95.

9
. “Statement of William J. Mays, Company B, Thirteenth Tennessee Cavalry,” April 18, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 32(I):525; John Cimprich,
Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 72–85.

10
. Brig. Gen. Augustus Chetlain to Washburne, April 14, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 32(I):364; James M. Williams, May 26, 1863, in
Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861–1867: Series Two (Book One): The Black Military Experience
, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 574; Lincoln, “Order of Retaliation,” July 30, 1863, in
Collected Works
, 6:357; Craig L. Symonds,
Lincoln and His Admirals: Abraham Lincoln, the U.S. Navy, and the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 48.

11
. James Henry Gooding,
On the Altar of Freedom: A Black Soldier’s Civil War Letters from the Front
, ed. Virginia M. Adams (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 9.

12
. Glatthaar,
Forged in Battle
, 107–8.

13
. George H. Boker, “The Black Regiment,” in
Poems of the War
(Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1864), 101–3.

14
. Theodore Lyman, May 18, 1864, in
Meade’s Headquarters, 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox
, ed. G. R. Agassiz (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1922), 102; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, U.S. Army, commanding Department of the Gulf,” May 30, 1863, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 26(I):45; Richard Lowe, “Battle on the Levee: The Fight at Milliken’s Bend,” in
Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era
, ed. John David Smith (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 117–24; “Report of Brig.-Gen. Henry E. McCullough,” June 8, 1863, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 24(II):467.

15
. “Letter of Edward L. Pierce,” July 22, 1863, in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1864), 7:215.

16
. Luis Fenollosa Emilio,
A Brave Black Regiment: The History of the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts, 1863–65
(Boston: Boston Book, 1894), 79–84; Stephen R. Wise,
Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbor, 1863
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 103–5.

17
. Grant to Lincoln, August 23, 1863, in
The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant
, 9:196–97; Howard C. Westwood, “Grant’s Role in Beginning Black Soldiery,”
Illinois Historical Journal
79 (1986): 197–212.

18
. Lincoln, “To James C. Conkling,” August 26, 1863, in
Collected Works
, 6:409; Glatthaar,
Forged in Battle
, 168; Gooding,
On the Altar of Freedom
, 19.

19
. Lincoln, “To James C. Conkling,” August 26, 1863, in
Collected Works
, 6:409.

20
. Lincoln, “To Michael Hahn,” March 13, 1864, in
Collected Works
, 7:243.

21
. “Constitution of Louisiana—1864,” in
The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws
, ed. Francis Newton Thorpe (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1909), 3:1429, 1433; William O. Stoddard,
Inside the White House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln’s Secretary
, ed. Michael Burlingame (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 139.

22
. James M. McPherson,
The Struggle for Equality; Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), 232; Paludan,
“A People’s Contest,”
220–21.

23
. Stephen J. Ochs,
A Black Patriot and a White Priest: Andre Cailloux and Claude Paschal Maistre in Civil War New Orleans
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 91–92; Larry G. Murphy,
Sojourner Truth: A Biography
(Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011), 98–101; Nell Irvin Painter,
Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 210–11.

24
. Glatthaar,
The March to the Sea and Beyond
, 60; Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes and Gordon D. Whitney,
Jefferson Davis in Blue: The Life of Sherman’s Relentless Warrior
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 308–14; August Meier and Elliott M. Rudwick,
From Plantation to Ghetto
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1976), 182.

25
. William Kimball, “Our Government and the Blacks,”
Continental Monthly
5 (April 1864): 433–34; Paul Skeels Peirce,
The Freedmen’s Bureau: A Chapter in the History of Reconstruction
(Iowa City: University of Iowa, 1904), 34–45; George R. Bentley,
A History of the Freedmen’s Bureau
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955), 38–43.

26
. Thomas V. Ash,
Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860–1870: War and Peace in the Upper South
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 187.

27
. Leon Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
(New York: Knopf, 1979), 230, 240–51; Ash,
Middle Tennessee Society Transformed
, 210; Janette Thomas Greenwood,
First Fruits of Freedom: The Migration of Former Slaves and Their Search for Equality in Worcester, Massachusetts, 1862–1900
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 48–87.

28
. Neely,
Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation
, 114–15; George A. Levesque, “Boston’s Black Brahmin: Dr. John S. Rock,”
Civil War History
26 (December 1980): 335–36.

29
. Blight,
Frederick Douglass’ Civil War
186.

30
. Laurence M. Hauptman,
The Iroquois in the Civil War: From Battlefield to Reservation
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1993), 11–16, 148; Duane Schultz,
Over the Earth I Come: The Great Sioux Uprising of 1862
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), 5–12; Daniel F. Littlefield,
Africans and Seminoles: From Removal to Emancipation
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), 180–91.