Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (121 page)

88
. Douglass, “January First 1863,” in
Douglass’ Monthly
, October 1862; “The Emancipation Proclamation,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, January 2, 1863. See also
Boston Evening Transcript
, January 2, 1863;
Boston Daily Advertiser
, January 2 and 3, 1863; and
Philadelphia Daily North American
, January 2 and 5, 1863.

89
. Grosvenor, “The Rights of the Nation and the Duty of Congress,”
New Englander
24 (October 1865): 757; “Nemesis,” in
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
, ed. Foner, 3:99.

90
. Blight,
Frederick Douglass’ Civil War
, 138–40.

91
. Gary Gallagher, “The A’Vache Tragedy,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
18 (February 1980): 5–10; John Hay, diary entry for July 1, 1864, in
Inside Lincoln’s White House
, 217; Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln and the Freed-men: Reminiscences of the Civil War
(New York: Longmans, Green, 1907), 91–92.

92
. Douglass,
Life and Times
, 347–49.

93
. Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 306.

94
. Douglass, “The Fall of Sumter,”
Douglass’ Monthly
, May 1861.

95
. “The Civil War Letters of Quartermaster Sergeant John C. Brock, 43rd Regiment, United States Colored Troops,” ed. Eric Ledell Smith, in
Making and Unmaking Pennsylvania’s Civil War
, ed. William Blair and William Pencak (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001), 143; James G. Hollandsworth,
The Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience During the Civil War
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 12–15; Versalle F. Washington,
Eagles on Their Buttons: A Black Infantry Regiment in the Civil War
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999), 2–3; Jimerson,
The Private Civil War
, 92, 93.

96
. “The Black Military Experience, 1861–1867,” in Ira Berlin et al.,
Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 199.

97
. Jimerson,
The Private Civil War
, 106; Lincoln, “To Andrew Johnson,” March 26, 1863, in
Collected Works
, 6:149–50.

98
. Lincoln, “To James Wadsworth,” January 1864, in
Collected Works
, 7:100.

1
. Mark Twain,
Life on the Mississippi
(New York: Harper & Bros., 1901), 1, 31; W. H. Russell,
My Diary North and South
, 139, 161.

2
. Dan Elbert Clark,
The Middle West in American History
(New York: Thomas Crowell, 1966 [1937]), 107; Louis C. Hunter,
Steamboats on the Western Rivers: An Economic and Technological History
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1949), 22–33.

3
. Paul Johnson,
The Birth of the Modern: World Society, 1815–1830
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 195–96;
The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1859
, 169, 214; Russell,
My Diary North and South
, 137.

4
. Daniel Walker Howe,
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 562–69; Maury Klein,
Unfinished Business: The Railroad in American Life
(Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1994), 11.

5
. “Hurd et al v. Rock Island Bridge Company,” in
The Papers of Abraham Lincoln: Legal Documents and Cases
, ed. Daniel W. Stowell et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2007), 3:308–83.

6
. Lincoln, “To Orville H. Browning,” September 22, 1861, in
Collected Works
, 4:532.

7
. Christopher Phillips,
Missouri’s Confederate: Claiborne Fox Jackson and the Creation of Southern Identity in the Border West
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2000), 235.

8
. Thomas L. Snead,
The Fight for Missouri: From the Election of Lincoln to the Death of Lyon
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1888), 21–22, 65–66, 88, 122–23, 163, 170–71; Louis S. Gerteis,
Civil War St. Louis
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 97–125.

9
. “Mr. Dixon’s Speech” and “Governor Magoffin’s Proclamation,” in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1862), 1:76, 264–65; Elizabeth Leonard,
Lincoln’s Forgotten Ally: Judge Advocate General Joseph Holt of Kentucky
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 138; Davis, in
Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln
, 133; Hesseltine,
Lincoln and the War Governors
, 209–10.

10
. “Addresses of the Convention of the Border States,” in
Rebellion Record
, ed. Moore, 1:352.

11
. Steven E. Woodworth, “The Indeterminate Qualities: Jefferson Davis, Leonidas Polk, and the End of Kentucky Neutrality, September 1861,”
Civil War History
38 (December 1992): 289–97.

12
. McClellan to Buell, January 6, 1862, in
The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan
, 148; R. M. Kelly, “Holding Kentucky for the Union,” in
Battles and Leaders
, 1:387–92; Thomas L. Connolly,
Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee, 1861–1862
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 96–98.

13
. John F. Marszalek,
Commander of All Lincoln’s Armies: A Life of General Henry W. Halleck
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 48–82, 109; William T. Sherman,
Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman
, ed. Charles Royster (New York: Library of America, 1990), 274;
The Military Memoirs of General John Pope
, ed. Peter Cozzens and R. I. Girardi (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 13.

14
. Halleck to McClellan, January 20, 1862, in
The War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 8:509.

15
. “On Floating Batteries: A Lecture Given by Capt. Fishbourne, R.N., on Monday 19 April 1858,”
United Services Institute Journal
2 (1858); “The Grand Review—The Fleet at Spithead,”
News of the World
, April 27, 1856; D. K. Brown,
Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development, 1860–1905
(London: Chatham, 1997), 11–13.

16
. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” in
Memoirs and Selected Letters
, ed. M. D. McFeely and W. S. McFeely (New York: Library of America, 1990), 142, 144–45; Joan Waugh,
U. S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 45.

17
. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” 142, 158.

18
. Manning Ferguson Force,
From Fort Henry to Corinth
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1881), 28, 30–31; Benjamin Franklin Cooling,
Forts Henry and Donelson: The Key to the Confederate Heartland
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987), 101–8; “Attack on Fort Henry,” February 6, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, 7:133–35; Ron Field,
American Civil War Fortifications
, vol. 3:
The Mississippi and River Forts
(Oxford: Osprey, 2007), 14.

19
. “Capture of Fort Donelson, Tennessee,” in
War of the Rebellion
, 7:157–253; Field,
American Civil War Fortifications
, 14; Kendall D. Gott,
Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February, 1862
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2003), 256–58; Spencer C. Tucker,
Unconditional Surrender: The Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson
(Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 2001), 84–95.

20
. Grant to Buckner, February 16, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, 7:161.

21
. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” 166.

22
. Orlando Figes,
Crimea: The Last Crusade
(London: Allen Lane, 2010), 355–56; Michael Howard,
The Franco-Prussian War
(London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961), 2; Richard Brooks,
Solferino 1859: The Battle for Italy’s Freedom
(Oxford: Osprey, 2009), 23, 25; Michael I. Handel,
War, Strategy, and Intelligence
(Totowa, NJ: F. Cass, 1989), 57; Alexander William Kinglake,
The Invasion of the Crimea, Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan: The Winter Troubles
(Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1880), 384–85.

23
. John Hill Brinton,
Personal Memoirs of John H. Brinton, Major and Surgeon, U.S.V., 1861–1865
(New York: Neale, 1914), 239.

24
. Waugh,
U. S. Grant
, 53; Howes,
The Catalytic Wars
, 574–76.

25
. John Keegan,
The Mask of Command
(New York: Viking, 1987), 187–94, 210–11; Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” 160–61; Gary W. Gallagher,
The Union War
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 134.

26
. Grant to Julia Dent Grant, March 21, 1862, in
The Papers of Ulysses Simpson Grant
, ed. John Y. Simon (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1972), 4:406; Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” 214.

27
. Albert Castel,
Articles of War: Winners, Losers, and Some Who Were Both in the Civil War
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2001), 142; Charles P. Roland,
Albert Sidney Johnston: Soldier of Three Republics
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001 [1964]), 347.

28
. Brownlow,
Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Secession
, 388–89.

29
. Halleck to McClellan, February 17, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, 7:628; Stephen D. Engle,
Struggle for the Heartland: The Campaigns from Fort Henry to Corinth
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 83.

30
. James Lee McDonough,
Shiloh—in Hell Before Night
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977), 52.

31
. William Preston Johnston,
The Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, Embracing His Services in the Armies of the United States, the Republic of Texas, and the Confederate States
(New York: D. Appleton, 1879), 569.

32
. Force,
Fort Henry to Corinth
, 144, 146; Whitelaw Reid, “The Battle of Pittsburgh Landing, Tennessee,” April 19, 1862, in
A Radical View: The “Agate” Dispatches of Whitelaw Reid, 1861–1865
, ed. J. G. Smart (Memphis, TN: Memphis State University Press, 1976), 1:130–31, 133; Timothy B. Smith,
The Untold Story of Shiloh: The Battle and the Battlefield
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 24, 48; Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” 239; Kenneth P. Williams,
Grant Rises in the West: The First Year, 1861–1862
, ed. Mark Grimsley (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997 [1952]), 371–73.

33
. John Russell Young,
Men and Memories: Personal Reminiscences
, ed. M. D. R. Young (New York: F. Tennyson Neely, 1901), 2:474; Larry J. Daniel,
Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 266; Bruce Catton,
Grant Moves South
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1960), 242.

34
. Melville, “Shiloh, A Requiem,” in
Selected Poems of Herman Melville
, ed. Robert Penn Warren (Jaffrey, NH: Nonpareil, 2004), 122.

35
. Bierce, “What I Saw of Shiloh,” in
Shadows of Blue and Gray: The Civil War Writings of Ambrose Bierce
, ed. B. M. Thomsen (New York: Forge, 2002), 212.

36
. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” 246; Grant, “The Battle of Shiloh,” in
Battles and Leaders
, 2:485–86.

37
.
Military Memoirs of General John Pope
, 79; Grady McWhiney,
Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat
, vol. 1:
Field Command
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), 265, 267–68.

38
.
Military Memoirs of General John Pope
, 100; Stephen D. Engle,
Don Carlos Buell: Most Promising of All
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 300.

39
. Sherman,
Memoirs
, 276;
Military Memoirs of General John Pope
, 75; Carl R. Schenker, “Ulysses in His Tent: Halleck, Grant, Sherman, and ‘The Turning Point of the War,’”
Civil War History
56 (June 2010): 175–221.

40
. Alfred Thayer Mahan,
The Gulf and the Inland Waters
(New York: Scribner, 1883), 73–88.

41
. Pollard,
Southern History of the War
(New York: C. B. Richardson, 1866), 1:326–27.

42
. Michael B. Ballard,
Vicksburg: The Campaign That Opened the Mississippi
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 121–26, 129–44.

43
. William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel,
Vicksburg Is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003), 98–99.

44
. Edward Gregory, “The Siege of Vicksburg,” in
The Annals of the War Written by Leading Participants
(Philadelphia: Times Publishing, 1879), 133.

45
. Lincoln, “To Eliza P. Gurney,” October 26, 1862, in
Collected Works
, 5:478; Isaac N. Arnold,
The Life of Abraham Lincoln
(Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1885), 81; William J. Wolf,
The Almost Chosen People: A Study of the Religion of Abraham Lincoln
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1959), 36–37, 77–78, 147.

46
. Carpenter,
Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln
, 62–63, 65–67; Charles G. Halpine, in
Recollected Words
, 194.

47
. Elizabeth Keckley,
Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House
(New York: G. W. Carleton, 1868), 103; Brooks,
Lincoln Observed
, 43; Browning, in
An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln
, 3.