Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (118 page)

51
. Grayson, in O’Brien,
Conjectures of Order
, 2:733.

52
. Sumner,
The Crime Against Kansas
, 9; David Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War
(New York: Knopf, 1961), 285–86; Williamjames Hull Hoffer,
The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 8–9, 58, 72–73, 83–84.

53
. Holt,
Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party
, 754.

54
. William E. Gienapp,
The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 194, 265–71.

55
. William Pitt Fessenden, “Internal Revenue,” May 28, 1864, in
Congressional Globe
, 38th Congress, 1st session, 2513.

56
. Eric Foner,
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 15–19.

57
. Richards,
The Slave Power
, 4.

58
. Holt,
Fate of Their County
, 109.

59
. Gienapp,
Origins of the Republican Party
, 414.

60
. Dabney,
A Defense of Virginia, and Through Her, of the South
(Harrisonburg, VA: Sprinkle, 1977 [1867]), 103.

61
. James Henley Thornwell, “The Christian Doctrine of Slavery,” in
The Collected Writings of James Henley Thornwell
(Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1974 [1875]), 4:405–6; Archibald Alexander Hodge,
The Life of Charles Hodge
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1880), 463.

62
. Clarence C. Goen,
Broken Churches, Broken Nation: Denominational Schisms and the Coming of the Civil War
(Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1985), 113–27.

63
. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
, 451.

64
. Goen,
Broken Churches, Broken Nation
, 113–27.

65
. Lincoln, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” October 4, 1854, in
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, ed. Roy F. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 2:240–47.

66
. Don E. Fehrenbacher,
The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 239–49.

67
. A court clerk misspelled John Sanford’s name as
Sandford
, and so the case appears as
Scott v. Sandford
in the court reports.

68
.
A Report of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States and the Opinion of the Judges Thereof, in the Case of Dred Scott versus John F. A. Sandford, December Term, 1856
, comp. Benjamin C. Howard (New York: D. Appleton, 1857), 404, 423.

69
. At the time the
Dred Scott
decision was handed down, there was already a case working its way through the New York state courts involving eight Virginia slaves who claimed that a temporary stopover in New York City in 1852 had made them free under an 1817 New York state statute. This case,
Lemmon v. New York
, might have given Taney the opportunity to overturn every anti-slavery statute in the free states on the grounds that states did not have the right to regulate interstate commerce, and paved the way for the reintroduction of slavery into the free states. The case, however, did not reach the Supreme Court before the outbreak of the Civil War, and Taney never had the chance to hand down a companion ruling to
Scott v. Sanford
.

70
. Lincoln, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” June 26, 1857, in
Collected Works
, 2:404.

71
. Mark A. Graber,
Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 31–32.

1
. Allan Nevins,
The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859
(New York: Scribner’s, 1950), 15–16, 19.

2
. Frank L. Owsley, “The Fundamental Cause of the Civil War: Egocentric Sectionalism,”
Journal of Southern History
7 (February 1941): 16–17; James G. Randall,
Lincoln the Liberal Statesman
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1947), 175; Avery Craven,
The Repressible Conflict, 1830–1861
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1939), 5, 94; David M. Potter, “The Literature on the Background of the American Civil War,”
The South and the Sectional Conflict
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 93–98.

3
. Jimerson,
The Private Civil War
, 8–9.

4
. Bigelow, in Michael S. Green,
Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party During the Civil War
(New York: Fordham University Press, 2004), 37.

5
. “Vain Hopes,”
New Orleans Bee
, December 14, 1860, in
Southern Editorials on Secession
, 336.

6
. James McPherson, “Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question,”
Civil War History
29 (September 1983): 243.

7
. Robert Taft, “The Appearance and Personality of Stephen A. Douglas,”
Kansas Historical Quarterly
21 (Spring 1954): 10–11, 16–17; Shelby Cullom,
Fifty Years of Public Service: Personal Recollections
(Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1911), 62; Robert W. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 570–72; Fehrenbacher,
The Dred Scott Case
, 379.

8
. Damon Wells,
Stephen Douglas: The Last Years, 1857–1861
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971), 27.

9
. Lincoln, “Speech at Indianapolis, Indiana,” September 19, 1859, in
Collected Works
, 3:463.

10
. Sarah Bush Lincoln, interview with William Henry Herndon, September 8, 1865, in
Herndon’s Informants: Letters, Interviews and Statements About Abraham Lincoln
, ed. R. O. Davis and D. L. Wilson (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 107.

11
. Lincoln, “Speech at Kalamazoo, Michigan,” August 27, 1856, and “Address Before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society,” September 30, 1859, in
Collected Works
, 2:364, 3:479; “Conversation with Hon. S. T. Logan at Springfield, July 6, 1875,” in
An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays
, ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 36.

12
. Lincoln, “Speech in the Illinois Legislature Concerning the State Bank,” in
Collected Works
, 1:69.

13
. Gabor Boritt,
Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream
(Memphis, TN: Memphis State University Press, 1978), 15–22, 30–31, 47, 59.

14
. Charles G. Sellers,
The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 47.

15
. Herndon to Jesse Weik, December 9, 1886, and to C. O. Poole, January 5, 1886, in
The Hidden Lincoln, from the Letters and Papers of William H. Herndon
, ed. Emanuel Hertz (New York: Viking, 1938), 124, 148.

16
. Lincoln, “Fragment: Notes for a Law Lecture,” July 1, 1850, in
Collected Works
, 2:81.

17
. Herndon to C. O. Poole and J. Henry Shaw, in
The Hidden Lincoln
, 119–20, 124, 305, 429; Davis, interview with William H. Herndon, September 20, 1866, and Swett to Herndon, January 17, 1866, in
Herndon’s Informants
, 168, 350.

18
. Herndon, in
The Hidden Lincoln
, 133; Lincoln, “To John D. Johnston,” December 24, 1848, in
Collected Works
, 2:16.

19
. Lincoln, “To John D. Johnston,” January 12, 1851, and “Speech in Independence Hall,” February 22, 1861, in
Collected Works
, 2:96–97, 4:240; Jason R. Jiveden,
Claiming Lincoln: Progressivism, Equality, and the Battle for Lincoln’s Legacy in Presidential Rhetoric
(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2011), 20–21, 23.

20
.
Lincoln Legal Briefs
, October–December 1996 and April–June 1998; Mark E. Steiner,
An Honest Calling: The Law Practice of Abraham Lincoln
(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2006), 17.

21
. Lincoln, “Speech at Cincinnati, Ohio,” September 17, 1859, and “Speech at New Haven, Connecticut,” March 6, 1860, in
Collected Works
, 3:459, 4:24; Harry E. Pratt,
The Personal Finances of Abraham Lincoln
(Springfield, IL: Abraham Lincoln Association, 1943), 52–53, 82; “Lincoln’s Landholdings and Investments,”
Abraham Lincoln Association Bulletin
, September 1, 1929, 1–8; Whitney, in Jesse William Weik,
The Real Lincoln: A Portrait
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1922), 194.

22
. Robert Todd Lincoln to Isaac Markens, February 13, 1918, in
A Portrait of Abraham Lincoln in Letters by His Oldest Son
, ed. Paul Angle (Chicago: Chicago Historical Society, 1968), 55; Lincoln, “Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois,” and “Handbill Replying to Charges of Infidelity,” in
Collected Works
, 1:115, 382; Lincoln to Josiah Grinnell, in
Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln
, ed. Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), 185.

23
. P. M. Zall, “Abe Lincoln Laughing,” in
The Historian’s Lincoln: Pseudohistory, Psychohistory, and History
, ed. G. S. Boritt and Norman Forness (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 10; J. F. Farnsworth, in
Recollected Words
, 437–38.

24
. David Davis, interview with Herndon, September 20, 1866, in
Herndon’s Informants
, 350.

25
. Herndon to Jesse Weik, January 9, 1886, in
The Hidden Lincoln
, 131; Edgar Conkling to William Herndon, August 3, 1867, and Davis, interview with Herndon, September 20, 1866, in
Herndon’s Informants
, 349–50, 565.

26
. Lincoln, “Protest in the Illinois Legislature on Slavery,” March 3, 1837, “Speech at Peoria, Illinois,” October 16, 1854, and “To Albert G. Hodges,” April 4, 1864, in
Collected Works
, 1:75, 2:282, 7:281.

27
. Lincoln, “Speech at Bloomington, Illinois,” September 12, 1854, in
Collected Works
, 2:232–33, 238.

28
. Lincoln, “Speech at Peoria, Illinois,” October 16, 1854, and “Speech at New Haven, Connecticut,” March 6, 1860, in
Collected Works
, 2:255, 4:19.

29
. Lincoln, “Editorial on the Kansas-Nebraska Act,” September 11, 1854, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” July 17, 1858, “Speeches at Clinton, Illinois,” September 2, 1858, and “Speech at Peoria, Illinois,” October 16, 1854, in
Collected Works
, 2:229–30, 2:282, 2:514, 3:82.

30
. Lincoln, “To Lyman Trumbull,” December 28, 1857, in
Collected Works
, 2:430.

31
. “Republican State Convention of Illinois” (June 16, 1858), in
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858
, ed. E. Earle Sparks (Springfield, IL: Illinois State Historical Library, 1908), 22.

32
. Lincoln, “‘A House Divided’: Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” in
Collected Works
, 2:461–62, 465–66.

33
. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
, 640–41.

34
. Douglas, “Fifth Joint Debate,” October 7, 1858, in
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858
, ed. E. E. Sparks (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1908), 346.

35
. Douglas, “Third Joint Debate,” September 15, 1858, “First Joint Debate,” August 21, 1858, and “Second Joint Debate,” August 27, 1858, in
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858
, 95, 166, 223, 227.

36
. Douglas, “Second Joint Debate” with “Mr. Douglas’s Reply,” August 27, 1858, in
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
, 161.

37
. Lincoln, “Second Joint Debate,” August 27, 1858, and “Seventh Joint Debate,” October 15, 1858, in
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
, 152, 481.

38
. Lincoln, “Third Joint Debate,” September 15, 1858, in
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
, 230, 235.

39
. Lincoln, “Fragment on Slavery,” July 1, 1854, in
Collected Works
, 2:222.

40
. Lincoln, “First Joint Debate,” August 21, 1858, in
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
, 102.

41
. Lincoln, “Seventh Joint Debate,” October 15, 1858, in
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
, 482, 485.

42
. Richard Sewall,
John P. Hale and the Politics of Abolition
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 210.

43
. John Hay, diary entry for November 8, 1864, in
Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay
, ed. Michael Burlingame and J. R. T. Ettlinger (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), 244; Lincoln, “To Salmon P. Chase,” April 30, 1859, in
Collected Works
, 3:378.

44
. Buchanan, “Remarks, March 9, 1836, on the Reception of Petitions for the Abolition of Slavery in the District of Columbia,” in
The Works of James Buchanan: Comprising His Speeches, State Papers and Private Correspondence
, ed. James Bassett Moore (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1908), 3:26–27.

45
. George Ticknor Curtis,
Life of James Buchanan: Fifteenth President of the United States
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1883), 2:207.

46
. Jeriah Bonham,
Fifty Years’ Recollections: With Observations and Reflections on Historical Events
(Peoria, IL: J. W. Franks and Sons, 1883), 196–97.

47
. Harry V. Jaffa,
Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 440.